Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) has been implicated in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma and is considered to be a diagnostic and prognostic tumor marker. Because elevated expression of AFP is associated with many characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma tissues, we hypothesized that multiple proteins may function in a coordinated manner with AFP. To identify such proteins, we performed global protein expression analysis, namely a proteomic study. The protein expression profiles of 9 AFP-producing liver cancer cell lines (JHH-5, HuH-1, PLC/PRL/5, Hep3B, HT-17, JHH-7, HuH-7, HepG2, Li-7) and 7 nonproducing liver cancer cell lines ( H epatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents the vast majority of liver cancer, accounting for more than 90% of all primary liver cancers, and ranks fifth in frequency among all malignancies worldwide. 1,2 Infection with hepatitis B or C virus has been identified as an etiological factor, and the subsequent cellular and histological changes leading to HCC have been extensively studied. 3 Genetic alterations, including loss of heterozygosity 4,5 and aberrant DNA methylation, 6 also have been implicated in the carcinogenesis of HCC. Nevertheless, the outcome for HCC patients still remains dismal, partly because of the difficulty in establishing an early diagnosis and the frequent recurrence and intrahepatic metastasis after surgery. 7 Although systematic chemotherapy for unresectable HCC has been widely used, its efficacy remains low and complications such as significant myelosuppression are observed during the course of treatment. 8 Serum alpha fetoprotein (AFP) has been considered to be a hallmark of development of HCC. 9 Serum AFP alone has a limited role in the early diagnosis of HCC, because a considerable proportion of HCC patients do not have elevated serum AFP, and serum AFP can increase in patients with diseases other than HCC; it may, however, be a useful prognostic indicator, because the median survival rate of HCC patients with markedly elevated AFP was significantly shorter than that of patients with normal or moderately elevated AFP. 10 AFP is a multifunctional glycoprotein belonging to the family of albumin-like proteins. 11 AFP has been shown to serve as a dual regulator of growth in a multitude of cell types and cancers involving