Two‐dimensional echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular stroke volume: Experimental correlation with thermodilution and cineangiography in normal and ischemic states

Abstract

Left ventricular stroke volumes derived by two-dimensional echocardiography (2D echo) were compared with thermodilution and cineangiography measurements in closed-chest dogs before andone hour after proximal LAD occlusion. Stroke volume was calculated from end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes reconstructed by two models: 1) Simpson's rule employing left ventricular length and five short-axis cross-sectional areas; 2) a simplified volume formula (V = 5/6 area . length), utilizing a single short-axis area at either the mitral valve or midpapillary muscle level. The comprehensive Simpson reconstruction yielded a good correlation of 2D echo stroke volume against thermodilution (r = 0.89) over a range of normal (N = 14) and ischemic (N = 8) states. The simplified formula provided a satisfactory correlation (r = .90, N = 22) when using the midpapillary cross-section, which encompassed the induced ischemic dys-synergy. In contrast, when using the mitral valve level cross-section above the site of ventricular asymmetry, there was no significant statistical correlation. Comparison of cineangiography with 2D echo volume reconstruction based on the simplified formula with the midpapillary muscle level section yielded good correlations for stroke volume (r = 0.87) and ejection fraction (r = 0.97). Intraobserver and interobserver variability of duplicate echo stroke volume measurements was 8% and 10%, respectively. We conclude that 2D echocardiography in dogs permits quantitation of left ventricular stroke volume in normal and ischemic states.

Cardiac Output Measurement by Partial Carbon Dioxide Rebreathing, 2-Dimensional Echocardiography, and Lithium-Dilution Method in Anesthetized Neonatal Foals

“…45 Other studies in dogs and people have shown the Bullet method provides adequate assessment of left ventricular volumes. [47][48][49][50] The poor performance of the biplane modified Simpson's method in the present study may be due to the difficulty in obtaining good-quality images from the left apical window in foals.…”

“…Intraobserver and interobserver variabilities of SV measurement by echocardiography in dogs have been shown to be 8 and 10%, respectively. 48 In another study, the coefficient of variation of the Teichholtz (4%) and Bullet (6%) methods were smaller than that of other volumetric echocardiographic methods (9-14%). 51 Further studies are required to determine the reproducibility of the Bullet method in foals and the effect of expertise of the investigator and position of the foal on variability.…”

Partially Silencing Brain Toll-Like Receptor 4 Prevents in Part Left Ventricular Remodeling with Sympathoinhibition in Rats with Myocardial Infarction-Induced Heart Failure

“…LVDD amd LVDS were obtained in M-mode tracings from the short-axis view at the level of the papillary muscle. LV end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) and LV end-systolic volume (LVESV) were obtained in two-dimensional mode by taking the measurement of short-axis cross sectional areas (A) and LV length (L) (LV volume = 5/6AL, diastolic and systolic separately) [32]. LVEF was calculated by the following formula: LVEF = (LVEDV-LVESV)/LVEDV×100%.…”

Long-term in vivo resistin overexpression induces myocardial dysfunction and remodeling in rats

“…M-mode measurements of the size of the LV walls and cavities were obtained by 2D guidance from the short-axis view of the LV as recommended by the American Society of Echocardiography [11]. Volumes of the LV cavity in end-systole and end-diastole were calculated using an area-length formula where the LV is assumed to be bullet-shaped as previously recommended and described [11, 12]. LV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes (respectively EDV and ESV) were thus calculated as follows: $\text{V}=\frac{5}{6}\times A\times L$ where V is the volume of the LV cavity in ml, A is the cross-sectional area of the LV cavity in cm 2 obtained from a parasternal short axis image at the mid-papillary level, and L is the length of the LV cavity measured as the distance from the endocardial LV apex to the mitral-aortic junction on the parasternal long-axis image as previously described [12].…”