Two-Dimensional Crystals of Poly(3-Alkyl- thiophene)s: Direct Visualization of Polymer Folds in Submolecular Resolution

Mena‐Osteritz, Elena; Meyer, Alexander; Langeveld-Voss, B.M.W.; Janssen, René; Meijer, E. W.; Bäuerle, Peter

doi:10.1002/1521-3773(20000804)39:15<2679::aid-anie2679>3.0.co;2-2

Cited by 280 publications

(289 citation statements)

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“…For instance, the estimated unit cell parameters for P3HT from literature are, a = 16.2 Å, b = 3.8 Å, and c = 7.8 Å, [21][22][23] and from an ~7 kDa polymer determined from MALDI-TOF, a shell thickness of about 6 -11 nm is estimated. This is assuming the lamellar fold length is on the order of 5 -10 nm based on our TEM images ( Figure 3C) and from measurements in literature reports.…”

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confidence: 48%

“…23 From the known unit cell parameters of P3HT, 22,23 the averaged molecular weight, and the chemical repeat unit of P3HT, one could estimate the length of a P3HT chain and explain the shell thickness based on the lamellar repeat folding (along c-axis of chain). For instance, the estimated unit cell parameters for P3HT from literature are, a = 16.2 Å, b = 3.8 Å, and c = 7.8 Å, [21][22][23] and from an ~7 kDa polymer determined from MALDI-TOF, a…”

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confidence: 99%

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Oligo- and Polythiophene/ZnO Hybrid Nanowire Solar Cells

et al. 2009

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We demonstrate the basic operation of an organic/inorganic hybrid single nanowire solar cell. End-functionalized oligo-and poly-thiophenes were grafted onto ZnO nanowires to produce p-n heterojunction nanowires. The hybrid nanostructures were characterized via absorption and electron microscopy to determine the optoelectronic properties and to probe the morphology at the organic/inorganic interface. Individual nanowire solar cell devices exhibited well-resolved characteristics with efficiencies as high as 0.036%, Jsc= 0.32 mA/cm 2 , Voc= 0.4 V, and a FF= 0.28 under AM 1.5 illumination with 100 mW/cm 2 light intensity. These individual test structures will enable detailed analysis to be carried out in areas that have been difficult to study in bulk heterojunction devices. are an area of immense study as they are alternatives to organic bilayer 3 and bulk heterojunction device structures. 4,5 The organic/inorganic hybrid system [6][7][8][9] has opened new opportunities for the development of future generation solar cells, new device technologies, and a platform to study three-dimensional morphology. 10A multitude of concepts have been demonstrated by combining p-type donor polymers with n-type acceptor inorganic nanostructures such as CdSe, 6,7,11 TiO 2 , [8][9][10][12][13][14][15] and ZnO. [8][9][10]14 One-dimensional (1-D) inorganic semiconductor nanostructures are among some of the most attractive nanomaterials for solar cell devices because they provide a direct path for charge transport. 2Other advantages include high carrier mobilities, solution processability, thermal and ambient stability, and a high electron affinity necessary for charge injection from the complementary organic donor material. ZnO nanowires are an example of this class of materials that have been used for hybrid solar cells. [8][9][10]14,16 Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT)/ZnO nanowire composite solar cells are benchmark systems that have attained power conversion efficiencies ranging from 0.02 to 2%. 9,16,17 In spite of the vast efforts in this area of research, solar cells based on hybrid composites have yielded efficiencies only close to those of organic bilayer devices and significantly less than organic bulk heterojunction solar cells. Knowledge regarding interfacial charge separation and/or transport in hybrid nanowire devices is only partly understood. 10,17 If this class of materials is to play a part in the future of next generation solar cells, then there must be an improved fundamental understanding of the organic/inorganic interface in order to improve power conversion efficiencies. While nanowire array and bulk inorganic/organic blend devices are technologically relevant, their electrical properties 2 depend on nanostructure size, uniformity, crystallinity, phase segregation, interfacial interactions, mobility, trap density and many other factors. For macroscopic devices, these parameters can vary significantly over the active area, making it difficult to attribute any change in performance to a particular phenomenon. Si...

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Oligo- and Polythiophene/ZnO Hybrid Nanowire Solar Cells

et al. 2009

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“…Following the initial work of Mena-Osteriz et al, [32][33][34][35][36] several groups used scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) to study the 2D growth of P3ATs on substrates of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). Interestingly, these monolayerthick epitaxied films provided a direct image of chain folding, a major characteristic of a semicrystalline polymer.…”

Section: Chain Foldingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure and morphology control in thin films of regioregular poly(3‐hexylthiophene)

Brinkmann

2011

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

358

388

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This review focuses on the structural control in thin films of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), a workhorse among conjugated semiconducting polymers. It highlights the correlation existing between processing conditions and the resulting structures formed in thin films and in solution. Particular emphasis is put on the control of nucleation, crystallinity and orientation. P3HT can generate a large palette of morphologies in thin films including crystalline nanofibrils, spherulites, interconnected semicrystalline morphologies and nanostructured fibers, depending on the elaboration method and on the macromolecular parameters of the polymer. Effective means developed in the recent literature to control orientation of crystalline domains in thin films, especially by using epitaxial crystallization and controlled nucleation conditions are emphasized.

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“…Major recent efforts concern control of regioregularity, as it has profound effects on the structure and charge carrier mobility [284][285][286][287][288][289][290][291][292][293][294][295][296][297][298][299][300][301]. Self-assembly of poly(3-hexylthiophene)s results in a lamellar structure on SiO 2 /Si substrates and relatively high charge carrier mobility of approximately 0.1 cm 2 V -1 s -1 was achieved using highly regioregular polymers and processing conditions that lead to the parallel alignment of the lamellae relative to the substrates (Fig.…”

Section: Self-assembly Of Conjugated Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As already pointed out, selfassembly generally leads only to local order. This was clearly manifested in STM studies using regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophenes) on graphite, which demonstrated "folds" of the chains and differently aligned self-assembled domains [291][292][293]. The polyalkylthiophenes can be doped for conductivity.…”

Section: Self-assembly Of Conjugated Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%