Two-dimensional crystallization

Denkov, Nikolai D.; Velev, Orlin D.; Kralchevsky, Peter A.; Ivanov, Ivan T.; Yoshimura, Hideyuki; Nagayama, Kuniaki

doi:10.1038/361026a0

Cited by 784 publications

(643 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Once a crystallization nucleus is formed, a convective flow of further particles sets in that is driven by the evaporation of water in the formed monolayer (Figure 3.3.1). [41,[48][49][50] The process is able to produce ordered monolayers -or monolayer patches -on a small scale (mm 2 dimensions), but the homogeneous coverage of larger areas is impeded by two inherent problems accompanying the evaporation process. Meniscus pinning causes sudden jumps of the receding water-evaporation front and leads to stripe patterns of monolayer domains ( Figure 3.3.1c).…”

Section: Controlled Horizontal Evaporation (Drop Casting)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[48] Summarizing, the method is valuable for its simplicity and yields highly ordered monolayers on small scales. [49] c,d) Typical problems arising with this technique as shown by Denkov [48] : c) submonolayer formation, d) coffee stain effect that leads to the formation of multilayers at the drying front.…”

Section: Controlled Horizontal Evaporation (Drop Casting)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Surface Patterning with Colloidal Monolayers

Vogel

2012

Springer Theses

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This thesis focuses on the controlled assembly of monodisperse polymer colloids into ordered two-dimensional arrangements. These assemblies, commonly referred to as colloidal monolayers, are subsequently used as masks for the generation of arrays of complex metal nanostructures on solid substrates.The motivation of the research presented here is twofold. First, monolayer crystallization methods were developed to simplify the assembly of colloids and to produce more complex arrangements of colloids in a precise way. Second, various approaches to colloidal lithography are designed with the aim to include novel features or functions to arrays of metal nanostructures.The air/water interface was exploited for the crystallization of colloidal monolayer architectures as it combines a two-dimensional confinement with a high lateral mobility of the colloids that is beneficial for the creation of high long range order. A direct assembly of colloids is presented that provides a cheap, fast and conceptually simple methodology for the preparation of ordered colloidal monolayers. The produced two-dimensional crystals can be transformed into nonclose-packed architectures by a plasma-induced size reduction step, thus providing valuable masks for more sophisticated lithographic processes. Finally, the controlled co-assembly of binary colloidal crystals with defined stoichiometries on a Langmuir trough is introduced and characterized with respect to accessible configurations and size ratios.Several approaches to lithography are presented that aim at introducing different features to colloidal lithography. First, using metal-complex containing latex particles, the synthesis of which is described as well, symmetric arrays of metal nanoparticles can be created by controlled combustion of the organic material of the colloids. The process does not feature an inherent limit in nanoparticle size and is able to produce complex materials as will be demonstrated for FePt alloy particles. Precise control over both size and spacing of the particle array is presented.Second, two lithographic processes are introduced to create sophisticated nanoparticle dimer units consisting of two crescent shaped nanostructures in close proximity; essentially by using a single colloid as mask to generate two structures simultaneously. Strong coupling processes of the parental plasmon resonances of the two objects are observed that are accompanied by high near-field enhancements. A plasmon hybridization model is elaborated to explain all polarization dependent shifts of the resonance positions. Last, a technique to produce laterally patterned, ultra-flat substrates without surface topographies by embedding gold nanoparticles in a silicon dioxide matrix is applied to construct robust and re-usable sensing architectures and to introduce an approach for the nanoscale patterning of solid supported lipid bilayer membranes.

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Section: Controlled Horizontal Evaporation (Drop Casting)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Controlled Horizontal Evaporation (Drop Casting)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Patterning with Colloidal Monolayers

Vogel

2012

Springer Theses

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“…4.a). This result is not surprising if we take 16 into account that the solution deposition method (drop coating) results in 17 inhomogeneous films due to the enhanced solvent evaporation at the rim of the 18 deposited layer: the so-called "coffee ring effect" [22][23][24]. The thickness may vary a 19 factor of two from the central region to the rim of the film.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal decomposition of barium trifluoroacetate thin films

et al. 2013

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“…Examples include 2D crystallization [3,4] and grain-boundary fluctuations [5], crystal sublimation [6] and colloidal glasses [7,8], interactions between similarly charged particles [9][10][11][12], and Brownian dynamics at liquid interfaces [13][14][15][16][17]. They offer many advantages over atomic or molecular fluids, because the dynamics of the particles are slower and can be tracked at the single-particle level with video microscopy [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Colloidal dynamics over a tilted periodic potential: Nonequilibrium steady-state distributions

Lai

Ackerson

et al. 2015

Phys. Rev. E

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We report a systematic study of the effects of the external force F on the nonequilibrium steady-state (NESS) dynamics of the diffusing particles over a tilted periodic potential, in which detailed balance is broken due to the presence of a steady particle flux. A tilted two-layer colloidal system is constructed for this study. The periodic potential is provided by the bottom-layer colloidal spheres forming a fixed crystalline pattern on a glass substrate. The corrugated surface of the bottom colloidal crystal provides a gravitational potential field for the top-layer diffusing particles. By tilting the sample at an angle θ with respect to the vertical (gravity) direction, a tangential component of the gravitational force F is applied to the diffusing particles. The measured NESS probability density function P ss (x,y) of the particles is found to deviate from the equilibrium distribution P (x,y) to a different extent, depending on the driving or distance from equilibrium. The experimental results are compared with the exact solution of the one-dimensional (1D) Smoluchowski equation and the numerical results of the 2D Smoluchowski equation. From the obtained exact solution of the 1D Smoluchowski equation, we develop an analytical method to accurately extract the 1D potential U 0 (x) from the measured P ss (x). This work demonstrates that the tilted periodic potential provides a useful platform for the study of forced barrier-crossing dynamics beyond the Arrhenius-Kramers equation.

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Two-dimensional crystallization

Cited by 784 publications

References 4 publications

Surface Patterning with Colloidal Monolayers

Surface Patterning with Colloidal Monolayers

Thermal decomposition of barium trifluoroacetate thin films

Colloidal dynamics over a tilted periodic potential: Nonequilibrium steady-state distributions

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