Two-Dimensional-Based Hybrid Shape Optimisation of a 5-Element Formula 1 Race Car Front Wing under FIA Regulations

Abstract

Front wings are a key element in the aerodynamic performance of Formula 1 race cars. Thus, their optimisation makes an important contribution to the performance of cars in races. However, their design is constrained by regulation, which makes it more difficult to find good designs. The present work develops a hybrid shape optimisation approach to obtain an optimal five-element airfoil front wing under the FIA regulations and 17 design parameters. A first baseline design is obtained by parametric optimisation, on which the adjoint method is applied for shape optimisation via Mesh Morphing with Radial Basis Functions. The optimal front wing candidate obtained outperforms the parametric baseline up to a 25% at certain local positions. This shows that the proposed and tested hybrid approach can be a very efficient alternative. Although a direct 3D optimisation approach could be developed, the computational costs would be dramatically increased (possibly unaffordable for such a complex five-element front wing realistic shape with 17 design parameters and regulatory constraints). Thus, the present approach is of strong interest if the computational budget is low and/or a fast new front wing design is desired, which is a frequent scenario in Formula 1 race car design.

Research on precise and standardized numerical simulation strategy for vehicle aerodynamics

“…Using the renormalization group (RNG) k-« model and the semi-implicit method for pressure-linked equations-consistent (SIMPLEC) pressure-velocity coupling algorithm, Wang et al (2021) conducted a numerical study on the flow around a vehicle model. Granados-Ortiz et al (2023) used the mesh fusion method to generate a computational mesh for examining the airflow around a race car. The results showed that satisfactory accuracy was achieved with fewer grid elements using this HFF 34,5 method.…”