“…The main entry pathways of microorganisms, with ARG and trace pollutants, into the environment, are the effluents of munic ipal sewage treatment plants (STP) (Müller et al, 2018;Stange et al, 2019;Watkinson et al, 2009), and in the case of heavy rain fall events, the combined sewer overflow discharges (Christoffels et al, 2014;Schreiber et al, 2016), and the run off from manured fields (Christian et al, 2003;Schmithausen et al, 2018;Schreiber et al, 2015). Antibiotics will pass treated organisms unchanged or will be excreted as metabolites or conjugates (Kümmerer, 2009).…”