“…In its place had emerged a "chaotic" (Lane, 2000) form of capitalism, dominated by corruption and the "unrule" of law (Holmes, 1997). This "chaotic capitalism" was accompanied by "over withdrawal" (Sil & Chen, 2004) or fragmentation of the state from areas where it has previously been responsible, led to: the displacement of monetary policy by barter surrogates (Woodruff, 1999); devolution of power from the federal center to regional fiefdoms (Stoner-Weiss, 1999); widespread corruption, non-payment of taxes, and organized crime (Holmes, 2008;Yakovlev, 2001); weak institutions (Puffer & McCarthy, 2011); and the diffusion of "capture" by so-called "oligarchs" over the state (Hellman 1998;Solnick 1999). With the ability to shape regulation to service their own interests and to determine the makeup of regional and federal legislatures (Frye, 2002;Gustafson 2000), these oligarchs were in effect governing the Russian Federation in tandem with ruling elites (Hanson & Teague, 2005).…”