Two decades of marine biotoxin monitoring in bivalves from Portugal (1986–2006): A review of exposure assessment

Vale, Paulo; Botelho, Maria João; Rodrigues, Susana Margarida; Gomes, Susana Sousa; Sampayo, Maria Antónia de M.

doi:10.1016/j.hal.2007.05.002

Cited by 144 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…This novel marine biotoxin was named azaspiracid (AZA). Since its discovery this compound and numerous analogues have been detected in a variety of bivalve species Rehmann et al, 2008), primarily from European countries including Ireland, United Kingdom, Norway, Netherlands, France, Spain, Portugal and Italy (Satake et al, 1998;Ito et al, 2002;James et al, 2002;Magdalena et al, 2003;Vale et al, 2008) and from Africa (Taleb et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Azadinium spinosumgen. et sp. nov. (Dinophyceae) identified as a primary producer of azaspiracid toxins

Tillmann

Elbrächter

Krock

et al. 2009

European Journal of Phycology

248

217

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Azaspiracids (AZAs) are a group of lipophilic marine biotoxins associated with human incidents of shellfish poisoning. During a research cruise to the North Sea, we analysed size-fractionated plankton for AZA by mass spectrometry and successfully isolated an AZA-producing dinoflagellate from the east coast of Scotland. As shown previously, an axenic culture of this dinoflagellate produces AZA 1, AZA 2 and an isomer of AZA 2. Here we give a taxonomic description of this new taxon Azadinium spinosum gen. et sp. nov., as a de novo producer of AZAs. Azadinium spinosum is a small (12-16 mm length and 7-11 mm width) peridinin-containing photosynthetic dinoflagellate with a superficial resemblance under light microscopy to gymnodinioids, but with a thin theca. The large nucleus is spherical and located posteriorly, whereas the single chloroplast is parietal, lobed, and typically extends into both the epi-and hyposome. The Kofoidian thecal tabulation is APC, 4 0 , 3a, 6 00 , 6C, 5?S, 6 000 , 2 0000 . This plate pattern has an epithecal affinity to the Peridiniales and a hypothecal affinity to the Gonyaulacales, but is distinctly different from described dinoflagellate genera. The assignment of A. spinosum to the dinoflagellates is supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis of four genes, SSU rDNA, LSU rDNA (D1/D2 region), ITS and cytochrome oxidase (subunit 1) (COI). In agreement with the morphological description, phylogenetic analysis did not show any particularly close affiliation to the Peridiniales or Gonyaulacales, nor to any other dinoflagellate order represented in molecular databases. Consequently, we erected a new genus, Azadinium, for this taxon. However the ordinal affiliation of the genus is uncertain. This study represents the first description and confirmation of a new dinoflagellate species capable of producing AZA and is thus an important advance in surveillance programmes for toxigenic microalgae and toxins of human health significance.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Azadinium spinosumgen. et sp. nov. (Dinophyceae) identified as a primary producer of azaspiracid toxins

Tillmann

Elbrächter

Krock

et al. 2009

European Journal of Phycology

248

217

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“…A major incident of human poisoning by AZAs occurred in the Netherlands in 1995 after the consumption of blue mussels from Ireland (McMahon & Silke, 1996). However, the toxins, and thus presumably the causative organism(s), are widely distributed, mainly in western Europe (Satake et al, 1998;James et al, 2002;Bran˜a Magdalena et al, 2003;Vale et al, 2008), but also on the coast of Morocco (Taleb et al, 2006) and northern Chile (Alvarez et al, 2010). Subsequent to the erroneous attribution of AZA toxins to the heterotrophic marine dinoflagellate Protoperidinium crassipes as the primary source organism (James et al, 2003a), rather than merely as a toxin vector, the culprit for AZA production was recently unambiguously identified and described as a novel species within a newly created genus Azadinium Elbra¨chter & Tillmann Tillmann et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new non-toxic species in the dinoflagellate genusAzadinium:A. poporumsp. nov.

Tillmann

Elbrächter

John

et al. 2011

European Journal of Phycology

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A new dinoflagellate species, Azadinium poporum sp. nov., was isolated as three clones from the southern North Sea off the Danish coast. In contrast to the type species A. spinosum, a known producer of azaspiracid (AZA) toxins, the isolates of A. poporum produce no known AZA analogues detectable by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Azadinium poporum is a small (11-16 mm length; 8-12 mm width) photosynthetic dinoflagellate with a thin theca exhibiting the Kofoidean plate tabulation: Po, cp, X, 4 0 , 3a, 6 00 . 6C, 5?S, 6 000 , 2 0000 . This species is morphologically distinguished from the type A. spinosum by a slightly lower mean cell length/width ratio, consistent absence of an antapical spine, the presence of more than one stalked pyrenoid, and the conspicuous arrangement of the ventral pore, located at the junction of the pore plate and the first two apical plates. This latter feature also distinguishes A. poporum from A. obesum. As in A. spinosum, but differing from A. obesum, the first precingular (1 00 ) plate of A. poporum touches the first epithecal intercalary plate 1a. DNA sequences and phylogenetic analysis of four nuclear-encoded genes, namely the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA (D1/D2) and cytochrome oxidase I (COI), support the separation of A. poporum from (but with a close affinity to) other Azadinium species (A. obesum and A. spinosum), as well as its description as a distinct species within the recently erected genus Azadinium Elbra¨chter & Tillmann. Nevertheless, in spite of the phylogenetic consistency at the generic level, the position of the genus with respect to higher taxonomic levels within the subclass Peridiniphycidae could not be further clarified.

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“…For this reason, studies on occurrence of marine biotoxins in bivalve molluscs are performed in many countries. PSP toxins were found in range of 20-380 µg/kg of meat (20)(21)(22). Gessner (7) reported that these investigations were conducted for many years in the USA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of saxitoxine (PSP marine biotoxine) in live molluscs available on Polish market

Michalski

Grądziel-Krukowska

Osek

2013

Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy

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The study was carried out on live bivalve molluscs available on Polish market. Samples of the molluscs (n = 124) were collected from warehouses and markets. Six different species of molluscs (mussels, oysters, vongole, scallops, Japanese clams, and razor clams) were used for the determination of saxitoxine (responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning, PSP) by ELISA. The maximum concentration of PSP toxins (756.69 µg/kg of meat) was found in scallops. The majority of tested mussels were free from the PSP toxins or contained biotoxins bellow the permitted level (800 µg/kg). The analysis of toxicological status of raw bivalve molluscs available on Polish market indicated that they are safe for consumers.

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Two decades of marine biotoxin monitoring in bivalves from Portugal (1986–2006): A review of exposure assessment

Cited by 144 publications

References 30 publications

Azadinium spinosumgen. et sp. nov. (Dinophyceae) identified as a primary producer of azaspiracid toxins

Azadinium spinosumgen. et sp. nov. (Dinophyceae) identified as a primary producer of azaspiracid toxins

A new non-toxic species in the dinoflagellate genusAzadinium:A. poporumsp. nov.

Occurrence of saxitoxine (PSP marine biotoxine) in live molluscs available on Polish market

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