Two clustered cases of confirmed influenza A(H5N1) virus infection, Cambodia, 2011

Chea, Nora; Yi, Shaoqiong; Rith, Sareth; Heng, Seng; Ieng, Vannra; Penh, C; Mardy, Sek; Laurent, Denis; Richner, Beat; Sok, Tetsya; Ly, Sovann; Kitsutani, Paul; Asgari, Nima; Roces, Maria Concepcion; Buchy, Philippe; Tarantola, Arnaud

doi:10.2807/1560-7917.es2014.19.25.20839

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Despite one human-to-human transmission event in Thailand, available epidemiological data show that A(H5N1) transmission to those providing care is extremely rare [34, 35]. Furthermore, our detailed interviews showed that most study subjects who declared they provided care actually did little more than visit the human cases, without close or prolonged contact.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

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Environmental contamination and risk factors for transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) to humans, Cambodia, 2006-2010

Vong

Cavailler

et al. 2016

BMC Infect Dis

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BackgroundHighly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus has been of public health concern since 2003. Probable risk factors for A(H5N1) transmission to human have been demonstrated in several studies or epidemiological reports. However, transmission patterns may differ according to demographic characteristics of the population and local practices. This article aggregates these data from three studies with data collected in the previous surveys in 2006 and 2007 to further examine the risks factors associated with presence of anti-A(H5) antibodies among villagers residing within outbreak areas.MethodsWe aggregated 5-year data (2006–2010) from serology survey and matched case-control studies in Cambodia to further examine the risks factors associated with A(H5N1) infection among villagers in the outbreak areas.ResultsSerotesting among villagers detected 35 (1.5 % [0–2.6]) positive cases suggesting recent exposure to A(H5N1) virus. Practices associated with A(H5N1) infection among all ages were: having poultry cage or nesting area under or adjacent to the house (OR: 6.7 [1.6–28.3]; p = 0.010) and transporting poultry to market (OR: 17.6 [1.6–193.7]; p = 0.019). Practices found as risk factors for the infection among age under 20 years were swimming/bathing in ponds also accessed by domestic poultry (OR: 4.6 [1.1–19.1]; p = 0.038). Association with consuming wild birds reached borderline significance (p = 0.066).ConclusionOur results suggest that swimming/bathing in contaminated pond water and close contact with poultry may present a risk of A(H5N1) transmission to human.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…The identification of possible increased risks of A(H5N1) infection linked with hunting and consuming wild birds in Cambodia warrants further and careful study. Additional work is being conducted on documenting possible genetic polymorphisms associated with increased vulnerability or resistance to A(H5N1) infection in humans [34]. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental contamination and risk factors for transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) to humans, Cambodia, 2006-2010

Vong

Cavailler

et al. 2016

BMC Infect Dis

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“…Despite detection of human highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus in Western Cambodia since early 2011 [ 36 – 38 ], H5N1, typically detected in south-central Cambodia, was not found at our sentinel sites. Influenza subtypes varied by year with A/pH1N1(2009) being predominate in 2010, influenza B in 2011, and influenza A/H3N2 in 2012.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Sentinel Surveillance of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viral Pathogens in Border Areas of Western Cambodia

Timmermans

Melendrez

Se³

et al. 2016

PLoS ONE

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Little is known about circulation of influenza and other respiratory viruses in remote populations along the Thai-Cambodia border in western Cambodia. We screened 586 outpatients (median age 5, range 1–77) presenting with influenza-like-illness (ILI) at 4 sentinel sites in western Cambodia between May 2010 and December 2012. Real-time reverse transcriptase (rRT) PCR for influenza was performed on combined nasal and throat specimens followed by viral culture, antigenic analysis, antiviral susceptibility testing and full genome sequencing for phylogenetic analysis. ILI-specimens negative for influenza were cultured, followed by rRT-PCR for enterovirus and rhinovirus (EV/RV) and EV71. Influenza was found in 168 cases (29%) and occurred almost exclusively in the rainy season from June to November. Isolated influenza strains had close antigenic and phylogenetic relationships, matching vaccine and circulating strains found elsewhere in Cambodia. Influenza vaccination coverage was low (<20%). Western Cambodian H1N1(2009) isolate genomes were more closely related to 10 earlier Cambodia isolates (94.4% genome conservation) than to 13 Thai isolates (75.9% genome conservation), despite sharing the majority of the amino acid changes with the Thai references. Most genes showed signatures of purifying selection. Viral culture detected only adenovirus (5.7%) and parainfluenza virus (3.8%), while non-polio enteroviruses (10.3%) were detected among 164 culture-negative samples including coxsackievirus A4, A6, A8, A9, A12, B3, B4 and echovirus E6 and E9 using nested RT-PCR methods. A single specimen of EV71 was found. Despite proximity to Thailand, influenza epidemiology of these western Cambodian isolates followed patterns observed elsewhere in Cambodia, continuing to support current vaccine and treatment recommendations from the Cambodian National Influenza Center. Amino acid mutations at non-epitope sites, particularly hemagglutinin genes, require further investigation in light of an increasingly important role of permissive mutations in influenza virus evolution. Further research about the burden of adenovirus and non-polio enteroviruses as etiologic agents in acute respiratory infections in Cambodia is also needed.

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“…There was also some minor loss to follow-up. Transmission risk estimates in villages with clusters might be influenced by the role of host genetics in susceptibility to infection ( 12 , 13 ). Our findings may therefore apply to genetically vulnerable persons and may have been overestimated, but they remain comparable to or lower than historical data in Cambodia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence and Transmission of Human Influenza A(H5N1) Virus before and after Virus Reassortment, Cambodia, 2006–2014

Horwood

Chan

et al. 2017

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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Two clustered cases of confirmed influenza A(H5N1) virus infection, Cambodia, 2011

Abstract: Binary file ES_Abstracts_Final_ECDC.txt matches

Cited by 12 publications

References 28 publications

Environmental contamination and risk factors for transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) to humans, Cambodia, 2006-2010

Environmental contamination and risk factors for transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) to humans, Cambodia, 2006-2010

Human Sentinel Surveillance of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viral Pathogens in Border Areas of Western Cambodia

Seroprevalence and Transmission of Human Influenza A(H5N1) Virus before and after Virus Reassortment, Cambodia, 2006–2014

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