Two Carotenoid Oxygenases Contribute to Mammalian Provitamin A Metabolism

Amengual, Jaume; Widjaja‐Adhi, Made Airanthi K.; Rodriguez-Santiago, Susana; Hessel, Susanne; Golczak, Marcin; Palczewski, Krzysztof; Lintig, Johannes von

doi:10.1074/jbc.m113.501049

Cited by 153 publications

(203 citation statements)

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“…Among them, two carotenoid metabolizing enzymes have been identified, denoted as -carotene-15,15′-dioxygenase (BCO1; also annotated as BCMO1) and -carotene-9′,10′-dioxygenase (BCO2, also annotated as BCDO2) (19,20). BCO1 converts a limited number of provitamin A carotenoids to retinaldehyde, from which all naturally occurring retinoids can be synthesized by endogenous pathways (21)(22)(23). BCO2 displays broad substrate specificity and catalyzes oxidative cleavage of the C9,C10 double bond of a large variety of carotenoids (24,25).…”

Section: Microarray and Pathway Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic dissection in a mouse model reveals interactions between carotenoids and lipid metabolism

Palczewski

Widjaja‐Adhi

Amengual

et al. 2016

Journal of Lipid Research

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Section: Microarray and Pathway Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In all experiments, mice were maintained at 24°C in a 12 h light-dark cycle and had free access to food and water. The generation of Bco1 / Bco2 / (DKO) mice has been described elsewhere (22). DKO mice had a C57/BL6;129Sv mixed genetic background.…”

Section: Animals Husbandry and Experimental Dietsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic dissection in a mouse model reveals interactions between carotenoids and lipid metabolism

Palczewski

Widjaja‐Adhi

Amengual

et al. 2016

Journal of Lipid Research

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“…Studies in mice suggest that BCO2 cleavage prevents oxidative stress from carotenoid accumulation, especially in the mitochondria (6). The provitamin A carotenoids ␤-carotene and ␤-cryptoxanthin are also cleaved by BCO2 to produce ␤-apo-10Ј-carotenal (6 -8), which can then be oxidatively cleaved by BCO1 to produce retinal (8,9).…”

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confidence: 99%

Substrate Specificity of Purified Recombinant Chicken β-Carotene 9′,10′-Oxygenase (BCO2)

Seña

Sun

Narayanasamy

et al. 2016

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Provitamin A carotenoids are oxidatively cleaved by ␤-carotene 15,15-dioxygenase (BCO1) at the central 15-15 double bond to form retinal (vitamin A aldehyde). Another carotenoid oxygenase, ␤-carotene 9,10-oxygenase (BCO2) catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of carotenoids at the 9-10 bond to yield an ionone and an apo-10-carotenoid. Previously published substrate specificity studies of BCO2 were conducted using crude lysates from bacteria or insect cells expressing recombinant BCO2. Our attempts to obtain active recombinant human BCO2 expressed in Escherichia coli were unsuccessful. We have expressed recombinant chicken BCO2 in the strain E. coli BL21-Gold (DE3) and purified the enzyme by cobalt ion affinity chromatography. Like BCO1, purified recombinant chicken BCO2 catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of the provitamin A carotenoids ␤-carotene, ␣-carotene, and ␤-cryptoxanthin. Its catalytic activity with ␤-carotene as substrate is at least 10-fold lower than that of BCO1. In further contrast to BCO1, purified recombinant chicken BCO2 also catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of 9-cis-␤-carotene and the non-provitamin A carotenoids zeaxanthin and lutein, and is inactive with all-trans-lycopene and ␤-apocarotenoids. Apo-10-carotenoids were detected as enzymatic products by HPLC, and the identities were confirmed by LC-MS. Small amounts of 3-hydroxy-␤-apo-8-carotenal were also consistently detected in BCO2-␤-cryptoxanthin reaction mixtures. With the exception of this activity with ␤-cryptoxanthin, BCO2 cleaves specifically at the 9-10 bond to produce apo-10-carotenoids. BCO2 has been shown to function in preventing the excessive accumulation of carotenoids, and its broad substrate specificity is consistent with this.There are three members of the carotenoid oxygenase family expressed in vertebrates. ␤-Carotene 15,15Ј-dioxygenase (BCO1) 2 catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of provitamin A carotenoids to form retinal (vitamin A aldehyde). RPE65 is an isomerohydrolase that catalyzes the conversion of all-transretinyl esters to 11-cis-retinol and is an important component of the visual cycle (1-5). ␤-Carotene 9Ј,10Ј-oxygenase (BCO2) catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of carotenoids at the 9Ј-10Ј or 9-10 bond to yield an ionone and an apo-10Ј-carotenoid. Studies in mice suggest that BCO2 cleavage prevents oxidative stress from carotenoid accumulation, especially in the mitochondria (6). The provitamin A carotenoids ␤-carotene and ␤-cryptoxanthin are also cleaved by BCO2 to produce ␤-apo-10Ј-carotenal (6 -8), which can then be oxidatively cleaved by BCO1 to produce retinal (8, 9).Unlike BCO1, BCO2 has also been shown to cleave nonprovitamin A carotenoids such as zeaxanthin and lutein to produce 3-hydroxy-apo-10Ј-carotenals (6, 7). The significance of these compounds in mammals is unknown. However, (3R)-hydroxy-␤-apo-10Ј-carotenol, also known as galloxanthin, has been identified as one of the dominant carotenoids in quail retina (10). This is formed from the reduction of (3R)-hydroxy-␤-apo-10Ј-carotenal, which can be formed from BCO2...

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“…Unlike BCO1, which catalyzes ␤-carotene cleavage about its central 15-15= double bond, BCO2 catalyzes the asymmetric cleavage of ␤-carotene at the 9=-10= double bond, forming ␤-apo-10=-carotenal, one of the structurally distinct products that are collectively known as ␤-apo-carotenals (11,18,21,44). These ␤-apo-carotenals can then either undergo enzymatic oxidation to corresponding ␤-apo-carotenoic acids or a reduction to corresponding ␤-apo-carotenols, which can subsequently undergo esterification or conversion to retinoid (4,11,18,21,44). Some ␤-apo-carotenoids are also formed nonenzymatically.…”

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confidence: 99%

Cardiac dysfunction in β-carotene-15,15′-dioxygenase-deficient mice is associated with altered retinoid and lipid metabolism

Lee

Jiang

Trent

et al. 2014

American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology

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Two Carotenoid Oxygenases Contribute to Mammalian Provitamin A Metabolism

Cited by 153 publications

References 55 publications

Genetic dissection in a mouse model reveals interactions between carotenoids and lipid metabolism

Genetic dissection in a mouse model reveals interactions between carotenoids and lipid metabolism

Substrate Specificity of Purified Recombinant Chicken β-Carotene 9′,10′-Oxygenase (BCO2)

Cardiac dysfunction in β-carotene-15,15′-dioxygenase-deficient mice is associated with altered retinoid and lipid metabolism

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