Two- and Three-Dimensional Phase Contrast MR Angiography of the Abdomen

Cl, Dumoulin; Ek, Yucel; Vock, Peter; Sp, Souza; Terrier, F; Fl, Steinberg; Wegmüller, H.

doi:10.1097/00004728-199009000-00020

Cited by 81 publications

(23 citation statements)

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“…Phase contrast MRA (PC-MRA) uses flow-encoding bipolar gradients to generate quantitative flow images (59)(60)(61). Since the flow information is encoded in phase, for PC-MRA, phase rather than magnitude images are reconstructed.…”

Section: Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non‐contrast enhanced MR angiography: Physical principles

Wheaton

Miyazaki

2012

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

139

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Noncontrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (NCE‐MRA) methods have been demonstrated in anatomies throughout the body. Previously established NCE‐MRA techniques suffered from long scan times or low sensitivity. Advances in hardware and software have made NCE‐MRA scan times clinically feasible. Recent concerns over the safety of gadolinium‐based contrast material combined with the expense of the material and its administration have generated a demand for NCE‐MRA. In response, several new NCE‐MRA methods have been developed. The physical mechanisms underlying five general classes of NCE‐MRA methods (inflow effect, flow‐dependency on cardiac phase, flow‐encoding, spin labeling, and relaxation) are explained. The original techniques of time‐of‐flight (TOF) and phase contrast MRA (PC‐MRA) are briefly introduced. New developments in NCE‐MRA, including hybrid of opposite‐contrast (HOP‐MRA), four dimensional PC‐MRA (4D Flow), cardiac‐gated 3D fast‐spin‐echo, flow‐sensitive dephasing (FSD), arterial spin labeling (ASL), and balanced steady‐state free‐precession (bSSFP) are highlighted. The primary applications, advantages, and limitations of established and emerging NCE‐MRA techniques are discussed. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;36:286–304. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Section: Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non‐contrast enhanced MR angiography: Physical principles

Wheaton

Miyazaki

2012

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

139

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“…A resistive index, which allows quantitative analysis of the waveform and associates with arterial resistance to blood flow, has been defined as (A-B)/A, where A is the systolic peak velocity and B is the end-diastolic velocity (9). To assess the morphologic findings of foot arteries, three-dimensional-PC (3D-PC) magnetic resonance angiography with no contrast medium was performed with 5-cm/s velocity encoding (3,24). Statistical analysis.…”

Section: Diabetic Patients and Control Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased Arterial Wall Stiffness Limits Flow Volume in the Lower Extremities in Type 2 Diabetic Patients

et al. 2001

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OBJECTIVE—To document an association between arterial wall stiffness and reduced flow volume in the lower-extremity arteries of diabetic patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We recruited 60 consecutive type 2 diabetic patients who had no history or symptoms of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in the lower extremities and normal ankle/brachial systolic blood pressure index at the time of the study (non-PAD group) and 20 age-matched nondiabetic subjects (control group). We used an automatic device to measure pulse wave velocity (PWV) in the lower extremities as an index of arterial wall stiffness. At the popliteal artery, we evaluated flow volume and the resistive index as an index of arterial resistance to blood flow using gated two-dimensional cine-mode phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS—Consistent with previous reports, we confirmed that the non-PAD group had an abnormally higher PWV compared with that of the control group (P < 0.001). To further demonstrate decreased flow volume and abnormal flow pattern at the popliteal artery in patients with a higher degree of arterial wall stiffness, we assigned the 60 non-PAD patients to tertiles based on their levels of PWV. In the highest group, magnetic resonance angiograms of the calf and foot arteries showed decreased intravascular signal intensity, indicating the decreased arterial inflow in those arteries. The highest group was also characterized by the lowest late diastolic and total flow volumes as well as the highest resistive index among the groups. From stepwise multiple regression analysis, PWV and autonomic function were identified as independent determinants for late diastolic flow volume (r2 = 0.300; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS—Arterial wall stiffness was associated with reduced arterial flow volume in the lower extremities of diabetic patients.

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“…7 In PC, signal contrast between flowing and stationary spins is generated by sensitizing the phase of the transverse magnetization to the velocity of the spins. 8,9 PC collects 2 datasets, each with opposite polarity. When the 2 datasets are subtracted, accumulated phases from stationary spins cancel, but because flowing spins move from 1 position in the magnetic field gradient to another during the time between the executions of the 2 opposite polarity gradients, the moving spins accumulate a net phase proportional to the velocity of the nuclei.…”

Section: Phase-contrast Mr Imaging: Technical Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current and Emerging MR Imaging Techniques for the Diagnosis and Management of CSF Flow Disorders: A Review of Phase-Contrast and Time–Spatial Labeling Inversion Pulse

Yamada

Tsuchiya

Bradley

et al. 2014

AJNR Am J Neuroradiol

119

118

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SUMMARY:This article provides an overview of phase-contrast and time-spatial labeling inversion pulse MR imaging techniques to assess CSF movement in the CNS under normal and pathophysiologic situations. Phase-contrast can quantitatively measure stroke volume in selected regions, notably the aqueduct of Sylvius, synchronized to the heartbeat. Judicious fine-tuning of the technique is needed to achieve maximal temporal resolution, and it has limited visualization of CSF motion in many CNS regions. Phase-contrast is frequently used to evaluate those patients with suspected normal pressure hydrocephalus and a Chiari I malformation. Correlation with successful treatment outcome has been problematic. Time-spatial labeling inversion pulse, with a high signal-to-noise ratio, assesses linear and turbulent motion of CSF anywhere in the CNS. Time-spatial labeling inversion pulse can qualitatively visualize whether CSF flows between 2 compartments and determine whether there is flow through the aqueduct of Sylvius or a new surgically created stoma. Cine images reveal CSF linear and turbulent flow patterns. ABBREVIATIONS:CSP ϭ cavum septi pellucidi; NPH ϭ normal pressure hydrocephalus; PC ϭ phase-contrast; Time-SLIP ϭ time-spatial labeling inversion pulse;

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Two- and Three-Dimensional Phase Contrast MR Angiography of the Abdomen

Cited by 81 publications

References 0 publications

Non‐contrast enhanced MR angiography: Physical principles

Non‐contrast enhanced MR angiography: Physical principles

Increased Arterial Wall Stiffness Limits Flow Volume in the Lower Extremities in Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Current and Emerging MR Imaging Techniques for the Diagnosis and Management of CSF Flow Disorders: A Review of Phase-Contrast and Time–Spatial Labeling Inversion Pulse

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