Two 3D thermomechanical numerical models of friction stir welding processes with a trigonal pin

Thermo-mechanical Analysis of Friction Stir Welding: A Review on Recent Advances

“…This is because the governing equation in the CFD-based thermo-mechanical analysis is simplified by neglecting the elasticity terms. As such, the calculation of stress only depends on the velocity gradient, and the computational cost regarding the CFD simulation is reduced in large extent [59]. On the one hand, the current CFD-based thermomechanical analysis for FSW allows better spatial resolution and thus a more complex geometrical feature, such as the tool profile [48] and the pin thread [50].…”

Progress in Thermomechanical Analysis of Friction Stir Welding

“…Ref. [24] took into considerations (43) Temperature factor D 5 (2020) 33:12 that this method can give results with higher accuracy at the global level. As aforementioned, the nodes travel with the material and can trace the deformation of the material.…”

“…This issue happens in the CFD-based models due to the simplification of the governing equation which has neglected the terms of the elasticity. Furthermore, the stress calculations are only dependent on the velocity gradient, therefore in a large extent, the computational costs for the CFD models are less than CSM models [43]. Presented CFD-based FSW analysis permits the improvement of the spatial resolution, hence much complicated geometrical features can be simulated by CFD based models [32].…”

A variational formulation of thermomechanical constitutive update for hyperbolic conservation laws

“…Especially, thermomechanically coupled constitutive models are written for dissipative media in solid mechanics using Helmholtz's free energy [44,83], which is a function of the temperature, while their constitutive updates are driven with some strain measure and also the temperature [67,68,52], obtained from the solution of balance equations. Generally, the latter consist of the heat equation and the linear momentum balance [68], whose weak forms are solved using any discretization method for the spatial part like finite elements [6,8] or particle methods [47], following either Lagrangian [17,50,3], Arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eulerian [7,23,26,15] or Eulerian [41] descriptions, plus some explicit time discretization scheme. In very fast processes, heat conduction effects can be neglected, then the heat equation can be solved locally on the temperature increment.…”