Twin Children with Unfamiliar Partners: Genotypic and Gender Influences on Cooperation

Segal, Nancy L.; Connelly, Sharon; Topoloski, Tari D.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01465.x

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 46 publications

(41 reference statements)

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“…Moreover, monozygotic twins (MZs) may differ from dizygotic twins (DZs) and singleton siblings (hereafter, singletons). Some previous studies have suggested differences in sibling relationships and friendship patterns between MZs and DZs (Segal et al, 1996;Thorpe & Gardner, 2006;Zahn-Waxler et al, 1992). Zahn-Waxler et al (1992) reported that an MZ twin who was cooperative with a co-twin was less empathic toward peers, whereas a DZ twin who was cooperative with a co-twin was more empathic toward peers.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Zahn-Waxler et al (1992) reported that an MZ twin who was cooperative with a co-twin was less empathic toward peers, whereas a DZ twin who was cooperative with a co-twin was more empathic toward peers. Segal et al (1996) reported that MZs are less cooperative when paired with an unknown child than are DZs. Moreover, MZs share more friends than DZs (Thorpe & Gardner, 2006).…”

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The Effects of Sibling Relationships on Social Adjustment Among Japanese Twins Compared With Singletons

et al. 2012

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This study examined the link between sibling relationships and children's social adjustment by comparing twin siblings and siblings with different ages (singleton siblings), and clarified the role of reciprocity in sibling relationships on children's social development. Mothers of 58 monozygotic twin pairs, 48 dizygotic twin pairs, and 86 singleton sibling pairs reported their children's sibling relationships and social adjustment. This study showed that the effects of sibling relationships on the prosocial behaviors and conduct problems of each child are stronger for twins than for singleton siblings. Moreover, positivity toward one's sibling increased peer problems only among monozygotic twins. The opposite tendency was present among dizygotic twins and singleton siblings. This study suggests the importance for children's social development of having many interactions with siblings and establishing reciprocity in sibling relationships. Moreover, our results suggest that the quality of sibling relationships among monozygotic twins may be different from those among dizygotic twins and singleton siblings.

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The Effects of Sibling Relationships on Social Adjustment Among Japanese Twins Compared With Singletons

et al. 2012

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“…Studies of behaviors such as inhibition and aggression in twins may help us to understand children's social development (Segal et al, 1996). Greater social closeness and cooperation was found between MZ twins for 11-to 83-year-old twins than DZ twins (Segal & Hershberger, 1999), perhaps as a function of their increased interactions with similar peers (their co-twins).…”

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Behavioral Inhibition as a Function of Relationship in Preschool Twins and Siblings

DiLalla

Caraway²

2004

Twin Res

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M onozygotic (MZ) twins spend more time with each other and are more genetically alike than are dizygotic (DZ) twins or nontwin siblings and therefore probably experience less diversity in their playmates than DZ twins, who in turn may experience less diversity than other-age siblings. Thus MZ twins may be more inhibited than DZ twins, who may in turn be more inhibited than nontwin siblings. To test this, 205 children (42 MZ twins, 94 DZ twins, and 69 nontwin siblings) were assessed in a playroom laboratory during free play with an unfamiliar peer. Children's inhibition was rated based on latency to touch a toy for the first time and amount of time spent interacting with the other child. Additionally, the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) withdrawn scale was used to assess inhibition according to parent report. Behavioral ratings showed that MZ and DZ twins did not significantly differ on the inhibition or withdrawn ratings. DZ twins were significantly more inhibited than were nontwin siblings, according to laboratory ratings. Greater inhibition of twins during the free peer play situation can be explained by their relative lack of experience in playing with children who are less genetically and phenotypically like themselves. Parental ratings showed exactly the opposite pattern, suggesting a rater bias effect.Monozygotic (MZ) twins, who spend a lot of time with each other and are very much alike, may spend more time playing with each other than with other friends, and they may do this to a greater extent than do dizygotic (DZ) co-twins because MZ twins are more similar to each other genetically and therefore may have more similar interests and play behaviors. In one study of preteen twins, MZ twins reported each other as being one of their best friends more often than did DZ twins (Rose, 2002), suggesting that they play together more often than do DZ twins. Therefore, MZ twins probably experience less diversity in their playmates than do DZ twins. This lack of diverse experiences with other children may negatively impact MZ twins' behaviors with other children, leading them to be more inhibited than DZ twins or nontwins. Similarly, DZ twins, being the same age as each other, are likely to play together more often than do nontwin siblings, and therefore they may experience less diversity in their friendships than do nontwin siblings. Thus, in line with developmental social genetics theory (Scott, 1977), we would predict that MZ twins will be more socially withdrawn than DZ twins, who will be more withdrawn than nontwin siblings.This idea, based on the developmental social genetics theory that children's social interactions rely in part on the genotypes of each of the children (Segal, 1997), suggests that the degree to which two children share genotypes will influence the way in which they play together. Studies on cooperation among twin children have found that MZ twins are more cooperative with each other than are DZ twins (Segal, 1988;Segal & Hershberger, 1999). It may be the case that children who spend most of...

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“…Though the aforementioned studies suggest there is little or no difference in levels of cooperation between men and women, other studies have shown otherwise. For example, when examining cooperation using two puzzle completion exercises, Segal, Connelly, and Topoloski (1996) found that 8-11 year-old femalefemale pairs of children showed higher levels of cooperation than any other pair of children. Another study showed that when using a variation of the Prisoner's Dilemma game imitating corporate managerial decisions, college students paired with simulated female partners responded more cooperatively than when paired with a simulated male partner (Ferguson & Schmitt, 1988).…”

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Effects of Own and Partner's Gender on Cooperation in the Prisoner's Dilemma Game

Carter¹,

Schneider²,

Byrun³

et al. 2007

PsiChiJournal

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The effect of a partner's gender on the decision to be cooperative or noncooperative was assessed using a contemporary, real-world variant of the Prisoner's Dilemma game. Forty male and forty female college students were asked to imagine that they were gong on an oil expedition in which they could operatively choose to search together or uncooperatively choose to search alone. Each decision was made independently, but the outcome depended on both participants' decisions. It was found that although women cooperated more than men, men and women cooperated significantly more when their partner was a woman. Furthermore, in response to a question about partner cooperativeness, women rated their partners as more cooperative during the game whereas men rated their partners as more competitive. However, all of the participants made more noncooperative decisions as the game went on.

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Twin Children with Unfamiliar Partners: Genotypic and Gender Influences on Cooperation

Cited by 13 publications

References 46 publications

The Effects of Sibling Relationships on Social Adjustment Among Japanese Twins Compared With Singletons

The Effects of Sibling Relationships on Social Adjustment Among Japanese Twins Compared With Singletons

Behavioral Inhibition as a Function of Relationship in Preschool Twins and Siblings

Effects of Own and Partner's Gender on Cooperation in the Prisoner's Dilemma Game

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