Twenty-year operation of the Cryospheric Environment Simulator（雪氷防災実験棟の運用20年）

Location Dictates Snow Aerodynamic Roughness

“…Using their technique, we also created these snow crystals in our experiment, which were then wind-blown across the surface of the bedforms (Figure 1e). The fresh snow density was measured to be 30 kg/m 3 , as also observed by Abe and Kosugi [26]. Wind profiles were measured in the same four horizontal sampling locations over the fresh snow-covered bedforms (experiments 3w, 3f, 3l, and 3t in Table 1) and were used over the smooth bedforms in experiment 2 (Figure 1d, Table 1).…”

“…This work was performed in the Cryospheric Environment Simulator (CES) of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED) in Shinjo, Yamagata Prefecture, Japan [26] (Table 1, Figure 1a,b,e,f). In the 14 m long, 1 m high, and 1 m wide CES wind tunnel, a flat snow surface was created using old snow that had a density in the range of 400-500 kg/m 3 (Figure 1a).…”

“…Dendrite-shaped snow crystals (Type A) were created at CES (see Figure 1 by Abe and Kosugi [26] and Figure 4 by Nemoto et al [27]). Using their technique, we also created these snow crystals in our experiment, which were then wind-blown across the surface of the bedforms (Figure 1e).…”

“…To assess the variability in the anemometer measurements, the wind speed within the tunnel was run at 4 m/s until deemed stable (Appendix A), as per Abe and Kosugi [26]. Temperature (Figure A1) and wind speed (Figure A2) were recorded every second for 30 s, each at four different heights (10, 50, 100, and 200 mm above the surface).…”

“…This paper examines the variation in calculated z 0 values obtained from fine vertical resolution (10 to 35 mm increments) anemometric measurements as a function of the sampling locations in a controlled environment (Table 1). We created a series of homogeneous bedforms in the shape of periodic, sinusoidal waves on a snow surface in a cold-room wind tunnel [26] and asked the following questions: (1) Are the wind profiles different based on horizontal sampling location? (2) At what height does the measurement profile converge regardless of the horizontal sampling location?…”