Twenty-four-hour periodicity of the startle response in rats

Davis, Michael T.; Sollberger, A.

doi:10.3758/bf03335842

Cited by 39 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…While the exact neural substrate of this modulation is still uncertain (Frankland and Ralph, 1995), an animal’s state of arousal is likely a major factor in this ASR modulation (Samuels et al, 2007). Our data confirm previous findings in rats (Horlington, 1970; Davis and Sollberger, 1971), by showing that mice tested during their active time (dark) demonstrate a greater ASR (Fig. 3A).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Addressing variability in the acoustic startle reflex for accurate gap detection assessment

et al. 2018

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The acoustic startle reflex (ASR) is subject to substantial variability. This inherent variability consequently shapes the conclusions drawn from gap-induced prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex (GPIAS) assessments. Recent studies have cast doubt as to the efficacy of this methodology as it pertains to tinnitus assessment, partially, due to variability in and between data sets. The goal of this study was to examine the variance associated with several common data collection variables and data analyses with the aim to improve GPIAS reliability. To study this the GPIAS tests were conducted in adult male and female CBA/CaJ mice. Factors such as inter-trial interval, circadian rhythm, sex differences, and sensory adaptation were each evaluated. We then examined various data analysis factors which influence GPIAS assessment. Gap-induced facilitation, data processing options, and assessments of tinnitus were studied. We found that the startle reflex is highly variable in CBA/CaJ mice, but this can be minimized by certain data collection factors. We also found that careful consideration of temporal fluctuations of the ASR and controlling for facilitation can lead to more accurate GPIAS results. This study provides a guide for reducing variance in the GPIAS methodology - thereby improving the diagnostic power of the test.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Addressing variability in the acoustic startle reflex for accurate gap detection assessment

et al. 2018

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“…In the EPM, rats exposed to PSS at the onset of the active phase spent a higher proportion of the test duration in the open arms, as compared with rats exposed to PSS at the onset of the inactive phase. The startle amplitude similarly exhibited a diurnal modulation, as was also reported previously (Chabot and Taylor, 1992a, b;Davis and Sollberger, 1971): at baseline, rats exposed to PSS at the onset of the active phase exhibited a higher (albeit not significant) startle amplitude but a low-range response to the PSS. On the other hand, rats exposed to PSS at the onset of the inactive phase exhibited low baseline startle responses but a more marked post-exposure behavioral disruption.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Diurnal Fluctuations in HPA and Neuropeptide Y-ergic Systems Underlie Differences in Vulnerability to Traumatic Stress Responses at Different Zeitgeber Times

Cohen

Vainer

Matar

et al. 2014

Neuropsychopharmacol

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The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis displays a characteristic circadian pattern of corticosterone release, with higher levels at the onset of the active phase and lower levels at the onset of the inactive phase. As corticosterone levels modify the response to stress and influence the susceptibility to and/or severity of stress-related sequelae, we examined the effects of an acute psychological trauma applied at different zeitgeber times (ZTs) on behavioral stress responses. Rats were exposed to stress either at the onset of the inactive-(light) phase (ZT=0) or at the onset of the active-(dark) phase (ZT=12). Their behavior in the elevated plus-maze and acoustic startle response paradigms were assessed 7 days post exposure for retrospective classification into behavioral response groups. Serum corticosterone levels and the dexamethasone suppression test were used to assess the stress response and feedback inhibition of the HPA axis. Immunoreactivity for neuropeptide Y (NPY) and NPY-Y1 receptor (Y1R) in the paraventricular (PVN) and arcuate (ARC) hypothalamic nuclei, hippocampus, and basolateral amygdala were measured. The behavioral effects of NPY/Y1R antagonist microinfused into the PVN 30 min before stress exposure during the inactive or active phase, respectively, were evaluated. PVN immunoreactivity for NPY and Y1R was measured 1 day after the behavioral tests. The time of day of the traumatic exposure markedly affected the pattern of the behavioral stress response and the prevalence of rats showing an extreme behavioral response. Rats exposed to the stressor at the onset of their inactive phase displayed a more traumatic behavioral response, faster post-exposure corticosterone decay, and a more pronounced stress-induced decline in NPY and Y1R expression in the PVN and arcuate hypothalamic nuclei. Blocking PVN Y1R before stress applied in the active phase, or administering NPY to the PVN before stress applied in the inactive phase, had a resounding behavioral effect. The time at which stress occurred significantly affected the behavioral stress response. Diurnal variations in HPA and NPY/Y1R significantly affect the behavioral response, conferring more resilience at the onset of the active phase and more vulnerability at the onset of the inactive phase, implying that NPY has a significant role in conferring resilience to stress-related psychopathology.

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“…An SDT-based analysis of sensitivity would not be affected by fluctuating response baseline between test sessions because ofthe normalization of the data within each test session. This may allow an objective and unconfounded assessment ofchanges in sensory processing, since effects due to the day-to-day variations in baseline amplitude that have been reported elsewhere (Chabot & Taylor, 1992a, 1992bDavis & Sollberger, 1971;Horlington, 1970;Krauter et aI., 1981) are eliminated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been shown that the amplitude of the startle reflex for rats varies over time (Chabot & Taylor, 1992a, 1992bDavis & Sollberger, 1971;Horlington, 1970;Krauter et aI., 1981). Furthermore, subject-to-subject variability of reflex amplitude is such that many researchers working with rats in startle paradigms use a matching procedure to roughly equate reflex amplitude between groups ofsubjects (see, e.g., Davis, 1988).…”

Section: Signal Detection Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A signal detection theory analysis of gap detection in the rat

Leitner

Carmody

Girten

1997

Perception & Psychophysics

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An innocuous sensory event (a prestimulus) briefly preceding a startle-eliciting stimulus (SES) reduces the amplitude of the elicited reflex. This study used signal detection theory (SDT) techniques to quantify the effects of gaps (pauses in otherwise continuous noise) on the rat's acoustic startle reflex. Sixteen rats were given four identical test sessions consisting of the randomized presentation of 150 trials of the SES alone and 150trials ofagap-and-SES combination. Gap duration (1, 2, 4, and 8 msec) varied between sessions. Data analyses based on amplitude, difference scores, percentage scores, and SDTtechniques identified similar patterns. The three longest gaps, but not the shortest, were reliably detected, and differences among these three were identified with percentage and SDTanalyses. Analyses of amplitude changes over test sessions yielded different patterns for each measure. The results demonstrate that an SDTanalysis is a sensitive index of prestirnulus effects.

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Twenty-four-hour periodicity of the startle response in rats

Cited by 39 publications

References 15 publications

Addressing variability in the acoustic startle reflex for accurate gap detection assessment

Addressing variability in the acoustic startle reflex for accurate gap detection assessment

Diurnal Fluctuations in HPA and Neuropeptide Y-ergic Systems Underlie Differences in Vulnerability to Traumatic Stress Responses at Different Zeitgeber Times

A signal detection theory analysis of gap detection in the rat

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