Twelve years of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in the Netherlands: Impact on incidence and clinical outcomes of invasive pneumococcal disease

Vestjens, Stefan M T; Sanders, Elisabeth A. M.; Vlaminckx, Bart J. M.; Melker, Hester E. de; Ende, Arie van der; Knol, Mirjam J.

doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.025

Cited by 24 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…It is clear that there has been a reduction in all-cause pneumonia among children after the introduction of PCV, while the impact in adults is still controversial [ 130 , 131 ]. In particular, the elderly are more affected by non-vaccine serotype IPD, so this group seems less protected after the introduction of PCV, as demonstrated by Vestjens et al [ 132 ]; one relevant issue in this matter is that older adults and the elderly account for the largest percentage of hospitalization for IPD. In conclusion, according to several studies [ 128 , 133 , 134 ] on the role of vaccines in different populations and data from both countries previously using vaccines (such as Netherlands) and others which had not vaccines plan before, the effectiveness of vaccination coverage varies, but only a small benefit was seen after vaccines introduction, due to the increase in non-PCV serotypes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pneumonia and Invasive Pneumococcal Diseases: The Role of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in the Era of Multi-Drug Resistance

et al. 2021

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Streptococcus pneumoniae related diseases are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in children and in the elderly population. It is transmitted to other individuals through droplets and it can spread to other parts of the human host, causing a wide spectrum of clinical syndromes, affecting between 10 and 100 cases per 100,000 people in Europe and the USA. In order to reduce morbidity and mortality caused by this agent, pneumococcal vaccines have been developed over the years and have shown incredible effectiveness in reducing the spread of this bacterium and the development of related diseases, obtaining a significant reduction in mortality, especially in developing countries. However, considerable problems are emerging mainly due to the replacement phenomenon, multi-drug resistance, and the high production costs of conjugated vaccines. There is still a debate about the indications given by various countries to different age groups; this is one of the reasons for the diffusion of different serotypes. To cope with these problems, significant efforts have been made in the research field to further improve vaccination serotypes coverage. On the other hand, an equally important commitment by health care systems to all age group populations is needed to improve vaccination coverage.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pneumonia and Invasive Pneumococcal Diseases: The Role of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in the Era of Multi-Drug Resistance

et al. 2021

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“…In the UK144 and the Netherlands145 reductions in IPD in people over 65 have been less than 20% compared with the pre-PCV7 baseline. In contrast, in the US reductions in IPD versus pre-PCV7 are two to threefold greater (74%), albeit from a high baseline,17 and in Australia146 were 32%.…”

Section: Pneumococcal Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 93%

Vaccines for older adults

Cunningham

McIntyre

Subbarao

et al. 2021

BMJ

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The proportion of the global population aged 65 and older is rapidly increasing. Infections in this age group, most recently with SARS-CoV-2, cause substantial morbidity and mortality. Major improvements have been made in vaccines for older people, either through the addition of novel adjuvants—as in the new recombinant zoster vaccine and an adjuvanted influenza vaccine—or by increasing antigen concentration, as in influenza vaccines. In this article we review improvements in immunization for the three most important vaccine preventable diseases of aging. The recombinant zoster vaccine has an efficacy of 90% that is minimally affected by the age of the person being vaccinated and persists for more than four years. Increasing antigen dose or inclusion of adjuvant has improved the immunogenicity of influenza vaccines in older adults, although the relative effectiveness of the enhanced influenza vaccines and the durability of the immune response are the focus of ongoing clinical trials. Conjugate and polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccines have similar efficacy against invasive pneumococcal disease and pneumococcal pneumonia caused by vaccine serotypes in older adults. Their relative value varies by setting, depending on the prevalence of vaccine serotypes, largely related to conjugate vaccine coverage in children. Improved efficacy will increase public confidence and uptake of these vaccines. Co-administration of these vaccines is feasible and important for maximal uptake in older people. Development of new vaccine platforms has accelerated following the arrival of SARS-CoV-2, and will likely result in new vaccines against other pathogens in the future.

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“…* [ 45 ] ; ^ [ 46 ] ; > [ 47 ] ; # estimated from accumulated yearly vaccinations. National Data Sources: Most data from World Health Organization (WHO), immunization, vaccines, and biologicals, https://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/data/en/; additional data for individual countries, especially for pneumococcal vaccination rates among adults and for influenza vaccination rates: Austria [ 48 ] ; Australia [ 49–51 ] ; Canada [ 52,53 ] ; France [ 54 ] ; Germany [ 55,56 ] ; Greece [ 57 ] ; Hong Kong [ 49,58 ] ; Ireland [ 59 ] ; Israel [ 60 ] ; Italy [ 19,61–63 ] ; Japan [ 64–68 ] ; Mexico [ 69 ] ; The Netherlands [ 70 ] ; Portugal [ 71 ] ; South Korea [ 72–76 ] ; Spain [ 19,42,43 ] ; Switzerland [ 77 ] ; United Kingdom [ 78 ] ; United States [ 79–84 ] ; Brazil [ 85–87 ] ; Chile [ 86,88 ] ; Peru [ 86,88–90 ] .…”

Section: Evidence For the Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age and Location in Severity of COVID‐19 Pathology: Do Lactoferrin and Pneumococcal Vaccination Explain Low Infant Mortality and Regional Differences?

Root‐Bernstein

2020

BioEssays

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Two conundrums puzzle COVID-19 investigators: 1) morbidity and mortality is rare among infants and young children and 2) rates of morbidity and mortality exhibit large variances across nations, locales, and even within cities. It is found that the higher the rate of pneumococcal vaccination in a nation (or city) the lower the COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. Vaccination rates with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin, poliovirus, and other vaccines do not correlate with COVID-19 risks, nor do COVID-19 case or death rates correlate with number of people in the population with diabetes, obesity, or adults over 65. Infant protection may be due to maternal antibodies and antiviral proteins in milk such as lactoferrin that are known to protect against coronavirus infections. Subsequent protection might then be conferred (and correlate with) rates of Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) (universal in infants) and pneumococcal vaccination, the latter varying widely by geography among infants, at-risk adults, and the elderly. Also see the video abstract here https://youtu.be/GODBYRbPL00.

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Twelve years of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in the Netherlands: Impact on incidence and clinical outcomes of invasive pneumococcal disease

Cited by 24 publications

References 13 publications

Pneumonia and Invasive Pneumococcal Diseases: The Role of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in the Era of Multi-Drug Resistance

Pneumonia and Invasive Pneumococcal Diseases: The Role of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in the Era of Multi-Drug Resistance

Vaccines for older adults

Age and Location in Severity of COVID‐19 Pathology: Do Lactoferrin and Pneumococcal Vaccination Explain Low Infant Mortality and Regional Differences?

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