Twelve weeks of sprint interval training increases peak cardiac output in previously untrained individuals

Bostad, William; Valentino, Sydney E.; McCarthy, Devin G.; Richards, Douglas L.; MacDonald, Maureen J.; Gibala, Martin J.

doi:10.1007/s00421-021-04714-4

Cited by 16 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“… Studies were conducted in women who were classified as healthy [ 10 , 46 , 47 , 49 , 52 , 54 , 65 , 69 – 72 , 75 , 79 , 161 ], with overweight/obesity [ 44 , 50 , 51 , 53 , 55 , 60 – 63 , 66 , 67 , 73 , 76 , 100 , 110 , 121 , 138 , 162 , 164 , 167 , 168 ] and/or type 2 diabetes [ 100 , 162 ]. For transparency, the same cohort of women was examined in the following pairs of references: [ 50 , 121 ] and [ 73 , 138 ].…”

Section: Cardiorespiratory Fitnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many investigations have reported no evidence of sex-based differences in low-volume interval training-induced improvements in CRF [ 53 , 68 – 73 ], although this is not a universal finding [ 10 , 74 , 75 ] (Table 2 ). In the largest cohort of participants examined, Phillips et al [ 76 ] observed similar relative increases in V̇O 2 peak in inactive men (n = 64) and women (n = 72) aged 18–50 years in response to 6 weeks of thrice-weekly 5 × 1 min at ~ 125% V̇O 2 peak.…”

Section: Cardiorespiratory Fitnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… Statistical significance for the sex by time interaction or independent t-test is presented for outcomes demonstrating a sex-based difference. Body mass index (BMI) was not reported in some studies [ 68 , 69 , 72 , 74 , 75 , 163 ] and was estimated using the mean height and weight values reported. Abbreviations: > greater; ↑ increase; ↓ decrease; ↔ no change, AUC area under the curve; CGM continuous glucose monitor; COXIV cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV; CS citrate synthase; ETC electron transport chain; FPG fasting plasma glucose; FPI fasting plasma insulin; HbA1c glycated hemoglobin; HC hormonal contraceptive; HOMA-IR homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; M men; MPS muscle protein synthesis; NR not reported; OC oral contraceptive; OGTT oral glucose tolerance test; Rec active recreationally active; PPO peak power output; peak peak oxygen uptake; W women …”

Section: Cardiorespiratory Fitnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, this knowledge is largely based on research conducted in men [ 77 ] and research examining central adaptations to low-volume interval training in women is scarce. Interestingly, an exploratory analysis in a recent study revealed a sex-specific peak cardiac output response to 6 and 12 weeks of SIT, involving thrice-weekly 3 × 20 s sprints [ 75 ]. Despite improvements in CRF in both sexes, peak cardiac output was improved following training in inactive young men but was unchanged in women [ 75 ].…”

Section: Cardiorespiratory Fitnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interestingly, an exploratory analysis in a recent study revealed a sex-specific peak cardiac output response to 6 and 12 weeks of SIT, involving thrice-weekly 3 × 20 s sprints [ 75 ]. Despite improvements in CRF in both sexes, peak cardiac output was improved following training in inactive young men but was unchanged in women [ 75 ]. In contrast, Astorino et al [ 78 ] reported no influence of sex on increases in peak cardiac output following ~ 7 weeks of different combinations of HIIT and/or SIT protocols that each involved a higher volume of work versus the 3 × 20 s SIT protocol examined by Bostad et al [ 75 ].…”

Section: Cardiorespiratory Fitnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physiological Responses to Low-Volume Interval Training in Women

2021

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Interval training is a form of exercise that involves intermittent bouts of relatively intense effort interspersed with periods of rest or lower-intensity exercise for recovery. Low-volume high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and sprint interval training (SIT) induce physiological and health-related adaptations comparable to traditional moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) in healthy adults and those with chronic disease despite a lower time commitment. However, most studies within the field have been conducted in men, with a relatively limited number of studies conducted in women cohorts across the lifespan. This review summarizes our understanding of physiological responses to low-volume interval training in women, including those with overweight/obesity or type 2 diabetes, with a focus on cardiorespiratory fitness, glycemic control, and skeletal muscle mitochondrial content. We also describe emerging evidence demonstrating similarities and differences in the adaptive response between women and men. Collectively, HIIT and SIT have consistently been demonstrated to improve cardiorespiratory fitness in women, and most sex-based comparisons demonstrate similar improvements in men and women. However, research examining insulin sensitivity and skeletal muscle mitochondrial responses to HIIT and SIT in women is limited and conflicting, with some evidence of blunted improvements in women relative to men. There is a need for additional research that examines physiological adaptations to low-volume interval training in women across the lifespan, including studies that directly compare responses to MICT, evaluate potential mechanisms, and/or assess the influence of sex on the adaptive response. Future work in this area will strengthen the evidence-base for physical activity recommendations in women.

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Section: Cardiorespiratory Fitnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cardiorespiratory Fitnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cardiorespiratory Fitnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cardiorespiratory Fitnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cardiorespiratory Fitnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physiological Responses to Low-Volume Interval Training in Women

2021

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Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Performance Adaptations to High-Intensity Interval Training: Are There Differences Between Men and Women? A Systematic Review with Meta-Analyses

Lock,

Yousef,

McFadden

et al. 2023

Sports Med

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Background It is important to consider biological sex as a variable that might influence exercise adaptation in order to optimize exercise prescription for men and women. Objective The aim of this study was to quantify the impact of biological sex on maximal oxygen uptake ($$\dot{V}$$ V ˙ O2max) and performance outcomes after high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Methods A systematic search and review was conducted by two independent reviewers up to 8 September 2022 using MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, and Sports Medicine & Education Index in ProQuest. Trials including healthy adults were included if they presented data for or compared male and female $$\dot{V}$$ V ˙ O2max or performance outcomes in response to HIIT. Performance outcomes included measures of exercise performance and concurrently measured physiological adaptations. Where appropriate, a random-effects, pre-post meta-analysis was undertaken. Data were sub-grouped for men and women, baseline training level, mean age, intervention type, and intervention length. Heterogeneity was assessed using Chi2, Cochran’s Q, and Higgins I2 and sensitivity analyses, where required. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale and publication bias was assessed through visual inspection of funnel plots. Results Thirty-three references from 28 trials were included in the review (n = 965; 462 women and 503 men). Meta-analyses included 19 studies for $$\dot{V}$$ V ˙ O2max, eight for peak power output from $$\dot{V}$$ V ˙ O2max testing (PPO), and five for threshold power (powerAT). Meta-analyses revealed similar increases in $$\dot{V}$$ V ˙ O2max in women (g = 0.57; 95% CI 0.44–0.69) and men (g = 0.57; 95% CI 0.42–0.72), and powerAT in women (g = 0.38; 95% CI 0.13–0.64) and men (g = 0.38; 95% CI 0.11–0.64). Raw mean differences for change in $$\dot{V}$$ V ˙ O2max were Δ 0.32 L·min−1 and 3.50 mL·kg−1·min−1 in men, versus Δ 0.20 L·min−1 and 3.34 mL·kg−1·min−1 for women. No significant sex differences were present for the primary analysis of any outcome. After sub-grouping, significant differences were present for PPO where the effect size was higher for well-trained women (g = 0.37) compared with well-trained men (g = 0.17), and for $$\dot{V}$$ V ˙ O2max where interventions with a duration of 4 weeks or less had significantly smaller effect sizes compared with those longer than 4 weeks (p < 0.001). Unweighted mean percentage change in $$\dot{V}$$ V ˙ O2max, PPO, and powerAT across studies was 11.16 ± 7.39%, 11.16 ± 5.99%, and 8.07 ± 6.55% for women, and 10.90 ± 5.75%, 8.22 ± 5.09%, and 7.09 ± 7.17% for men, respectively. Significant heterogeneity was present for both $$\dot{V}$$ V ˙ O2max and PPO (I2, range: 62.06–78.80%). Sub-grouping by baseline training status and intervention length decreased heterogeneity in most groups. A qualitative synthesis of other outcomes indicated similar improvements in fitness and performance for men and women with some evidence suggesting differences in the mechanisms of adaptation. Limitations and Risk of Bias Publication bias is unlikely to have significantly influenced results for $$\dot{V}$$ V ˙ O2max or powerAT, but the meta-analysis of PPO could have benefitted from additional study data to strengthen results. The overlap in age categories and sensitivity of the analysis limits the accuracy of the results of the sub-grouping by age. Conclusions Findings indicated no sex-specific differences for any fitness or performance outcomes. Baseline training status and intervention length accounted for most variability in outcomes. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021272615.

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