Twelve-Month Longitudinal Serology in SARS-CoV-2 Naïve and Experienced Vaccine Recipients and Unvaccinated COVID-19-Infected Individuals

Congrave-Wilson, Zion; Cheng, Wesley A.; Lee, Yesun; Perez, Stephanie; Turner, Lauren; Ruiz, Carolyn Jennifer Marentes; Mendieta, Shirley; Skura, Adam; Jumarang, Jaycee; Valle, Jennifer Del; Kubale, John; Allen, E. Kaitlynn; Thomas, Paul G.; Gordon, Aubree; Pannaraj, Pia S.

doi:10.3390/vaccines10050813

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…However, the concentration of S protein-specific IgA antibodies was significantly higher in the RI, BI, and VC groups compared to the RV group. This is concordant with the known fact of the rapid drop of mRNA vaccineinduced serum IgA compared to its kinetics in naturally infected or convalescent vaccinated individuals [22].…”

Section: Neutralization Of Pseudovirusessupporting

confidence: 86%

Hybrid Immunity from Gam-COVID-Vac Vaccination and Natural SARS-CoV-2 Infection Confers Broader Neutralizing Activity against Omicron Lineage VOCs Than Revaccination or Reinfection

Kulemzin,

Guselnikov,

Nekrasov

et al. 2024

Vaccines

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SARS-CoV-2 has a relatively high mutation rate, with the frequent emergence of new variants of concern (VOCs). Each subsequent variant is more difficult to neutralize by the sera of vaccinated individuals and convalescents. Some decrease in neutralizing activity against new SARS-CoV-2 variants has also been observed in patients vaccinated with Gam-COVID-Vac. In the present study, we analyzed the interplay between the history of a patient’s repeated exposure to SARS-CoV-2 antigens and the breadth of neutralization activity. Our study includes four cohorts of patients: Gam-COVID-Vac booster vaccinated individuals (revaccinated, RV), twice-infected unvaccinated individuals (reinfected, RI), breakthrough infected (BI), and vaccinated convalescents (VC). We assessed S-protein-specific antibody levels and the ability of sera to neutralize lentiviral particles pseudotyped with Spike protein from the original Wuhan variant, as well as the Omicron variants BA.1 and BA.4/5. Individuals with hybrid immunity (BI and VC cohorts) exhibited significantly higher levels of virus-binding IgG and enhanced breadth of virus-neutralizing activity compared to individuals from either the revaccination or reinfection (RV and RI) cohorts. These findings suggest that a combination of infection and vaccination, regardless of the sequence, results in significantly higher levels of S-protein-specific IgG antibodies and the enhanced neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants, thereby underscoring the importance of hybrid immunity in the context of emerging viral variants.

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Section: Neutralization Of Pseudovirusessupporting

confidence: 86%

Hybrid Immunity from Gam-COVID-Vac Vaccination and Natural SARS-CoV-2 Infection Confers Broader Neutralizing Activity against Omicron Lineage VOCs Than Revaccination or Reinfection

Kulemzin,

Guselnikov,

Nekrasov

et al. 2024

Vaccines

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“…RBD-specific IgG titers waned significantly between day 50 and day 200 and increased significantly between day 200 and day 440 ( Figure 2 ). The decrease in titer is characteristic of the normal vaccine-specific antibody decay 2–4 and decline in neutralizing titers 5 reported by other groups. The rebound in titers between day 200 (July/August, 2021) and 440 (March/April 2022) resulted largely from SARS-CoV-2 booster immunizations that received FDA approval in October, 2021.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 54%

Serological assessment of the durability of vaccine-mediated protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection

Bates,

Lirette,

Farmer

et al. 2024

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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Virus-neutralizing antibodies are often accepted as a correlate of protection against infection, though questions remain about which components of the immune response protect against SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this small observational study, we longitudinally measured spike receptor binding domain (RBD)-specific and nucleocapsid (NP)-specific serum IgG in a human cohort immunized with the Pfizer BNT162b2 vaccine. NP is not encoded in the vaccine, so an NP-specific response is serological evidence of natural infection. A greater than fourfold increase in NP-specific antibodies was used as the serological marker of infection. Using the RBD-specific IgG titers prior to seroconversion for NP, we calculated a protective threshold for RBD-specific IgG. On average, the RBD-specific IgG response wanes below the protective threshold 169 days following vaccination. Many participants without a history of a positive test result for SARS-CoV-2 infection seroconverted for NP-specific IgG. As a group, participants who seroconverted for NP-specific IgG had significantly higher levels of RBD-specific IgG following NP-seroconversion. RBD-specific IgG titers may serve as one correlate of protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. These titers wane below the proposed protective threshold approximately six months following immunization. Based on serological evidence of infection, the frequency of breakthrough infections and consequently the level of SARS-CoV-2-specific immunity in the population may be higher than what is predicted based on the frequency of documented infections.

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“…Our study characterizes participants’ circulating antibodies up to 15 months from vaccination in those with and without evidence of COVID-19 infection. Serum anti-S IgG concentrations are variable among individuals and across all time points in this cohort, a phenomenon explored by others [ 3 , 17 , 28 ]. Generally, anti-S IgG concentrations peaked following completion of primary series vaccination and declined until breakthrough COVID-19 infection and/or booster dose uptake.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 Serum Antibodies Through the Alpha, Delta, and Omicron Surges Among Vaccinated Health Care Workers at a Boston Hospital

Dodge

Duffy

et al. 2023

Open Forum Infectious Diseases

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Background Longitudinal serology studies can assist in analyzing kinetics of antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, helping to inform public health decision-making. Our study aims to characterize circulating antibody trends over 18 months in vaccinated participants with and without evidence of COVID-19 infection. Methods A cohort of healthcare workers employed at Boston Medical Center were followed, collecting serum samples and survey data over six timepoints from July 2020 through December 2021 (n = 527). History of SARS-CoV-2 infection, vaccination and booster status were confirmed, where possible, using electronic medical records. Serum was assessed for the qualitative detection of anti-N IgG and the semi-quantitative detection of anti-S IgG antibody levels. Piecewise regression models were utilized to characterize the antibody kinetics overtime. Results Anti-S IgG titers remained above the positivity threshold following infection and/or vaccination throughout the 18-month follow-up. Among participants with no evidence of COVID-19 infection, titers declined significantly faster in the initial 90 days post-full vaccination (β=-0.056) from December 2020 to March 2021 compared to the decline observed following booster dose uptake (β=-0.023) (p < 0.001). Additionally, COVID-19 infection prior to vaccination significantly attenuated the decline of anti-S IgG when compared to the infection-naïve participants following vaccine uptake (p < 0.001). Lastly, fewer boosted participants contracted Omicron (12.7%) than fully vaccinated (17.6%). Among the Omicron-positive participants, anti-S IgG titers were lower, but not significantly, than those who did not test positive when comparing by vaccination status. Conclusions These findings provide novel 18-month kinetics of anti-S IgG antibodies and further highlight the durability of hybrid immunity, underlining the strong humoral response stimulated by combined infection and vaccination.

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Twelve-Month Longitudinal Serology in SARS-CoV-2 Naïve and Experienced Vaccine Recipients and Unvaccinated COVID-19-Infected Individuals

Cited by 6 publications

References 41 publications

Hybrid Immunity from Gam-COVID-Vac Vaccination and Natural SARS-CoV-2 Infection Confers Broader Neutralizing Activity against Omicron Lineage VOCs Than Revaccination or Reinfection

Hybrid Immunity from Gam-COVID-Vac Vaccination and Natural SARS-CoV-2 Infection Confers Broader Neutralizing Activity against Omicron Lineage VOCs Than Revaccination or Reinfection

Serological assessment of the durability of vaccine-mediated protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection

Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 Serum Antibodies Through the Alpha, Delta, and Omicron Surges Among Vaccinated Health Care Workers at a Boston Hospital

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