Tween-80–n-Butanol–Diesel–Water Microemulsion System—A Class of Alternative Diesel Fuel

Abstract

Tween-80-n-butanol-diesel-water microemulsion systems with various surfactant:cosurfactant (S:C) ratio have been reported as a class of alternative diesel fuel from their phase behavior, clouding phenomena, conductivity, turbidity, and inflammation studies. Temperature induced clouding of microemulsion containing 2% brine at an S:C ratio of 1:1 from a suitable turbid zone has been examined to see the stability of the diesel-water microemulsion systems. Regression models have been proposed to understand the impact of various components of the microemulsion on their cloud point (CP) values. Conductivity of the microemulsions at various S:C ratio increases with the volume of brine having two cut points depicting the presence of three microheterogenous phases within the system, whereas turbidity shows a linear increase. Dye-probed investigation of water-rich and oil-rich zones of the microemulsions indicates the involvement of a dynamic mass transfer process within the various zones. The intensities of flames produced during burning of the microemulsions with various O:E:W weight percentages selected from the isotropic regions of the phase diagrams have been estimated using MATLAB image processing method and the impacts of various components on the fuel use of the microemulsions have been analyzed.

Microemulsion-based anthocyanin systems: effect of surfactants, cosurfactants, and its stability

“…Thus, this phase is conducive to the formation of microemulsion. [2] Compared with the tween 80 and span 80 distribution system, isopropyl palmitate exhibited suitable chain length and volume size to form a microemulsion. Moreover, isopropyl palmitate is a safe oil phase and is often chosen for oral drugs or as a functional composition for microemulsion carriers.…”

“…However, the excess ethanol was soluble in water phase, which broke the interface membrane between the oil phase and water phase and led to the demulsification of microemulsion. [2,28] The small surfactant content resulted in considerable influence of Km values on the formation of microemulsion. The microemulsion region was optimal only at a Km value of 2:1.…”

“…Microemulsions are divided into three types, namely oil-in-water, water-in-oil (W/O), and bicontinuous. [1,2] Furthermore, microemulsions display many incomparable advantages compared with other preparations: (1) small particle size between 10 and 100 nm; (2) stable thermodynamics and is stratified after low-speed centrifugation for 30 min; and (3) microemulsion preparation can be formed spontaneously without energy. [3,4] Given its rapid development, microemulsion technology has been widely used in materials, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, food, and other industries.…”

“…These conditions cannot be satisfied by the single oil phase; thus, different oil phases should be used. [2,6] The dosage and type of surfactants used in microemulsions directly influence the microemulsion formation size and toxicity. The common percentage of surfactants is 20-30% w/w.…”

Effect of alcohol on the properties of water‐in‐diesel microemulsion fuels

“…Water‐in‐diesel microemulsions are preferred over other systems as the water droplets cause microexplosions at high temperatures of combustion, resulting in secondary atomization of the fuel, and help in improving the premixing of the air‐fuel mixture by increasing local turbulence, as shown in Figure . The reduction in temperature due to the higher latent heat of water results in a reduction in NO x emissions .…”