Tutorial: Magnetic resonance with nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond—microwave engineering, materials science, and magnetometry

Abe, Eiichi; Sasaki, Kento

doi:10.1063/1.5011231

Cited by 74 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 70 publications

(81 reference statements)

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“…(12) in Sec. 3], and that the target nuclear spin we measured lies coincidentally in the plane including the vacancy. It is generally accepted that the "center of mass" of the NV center lies above the vacancy, even though the precise position has not been determined.…”

Section: Definitions Of Coordinatesmentioning

confidence: 66%

Determination of the position of a single nuclear spin from free nuclear precessions detected by a solid-state quantum sensor

2018

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We report on a nanoscale quantum-sensing protocol which tracks a free precession of a single nuclear spin and is capable of estimating an azimuthal angle-a parameter which standard multipulse protocols cannot determine-of the target nucleus. Our protocol combines pulsed dynamic nuclear polarization, a phase-controlled radiofrequency pulse, and a multipulse AC sensing sequence with a modified readout pulse. Using a single nitrogen-vacancy center as a solid-state quantum sensor, we experimentally demonstrate this protocol on a single 13 C nuclear spin in diamond and uniquely determine the lattice site of the target nucleus. Our result paves the way for magnetic resonance imaging at the single-molecular level.Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is an analytical technique extensively used in chemistry, biology, and medicine. It achieves sub-ppm spectral resolutions to provide a wealth of information on the structure and chemical environment of molecules, but requires at least nanoliter-volume analytes containing an ensemble of identical nuclei, due to the insensitive induction detection the technique relies on. In recent years, single isolated electron spins in solids, most prominently those associated with nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond [1][2][3], have emerged as atomic-scale quantum sensors capable of detecting weakly-coupled external nuclei in as small as zeptoliter volumes: a dramatic decrease compared with conventional NMR [4][5][6]. Furthermore, various NMR protocols, in which a train of properly-timed microwave pulses interrogates precessing nuclear spins via the interaction with the sensor electron spin, have been devised and applied to external nuclei, demonstrating identifications of isotopes [7][8][9], detection of single protons [10], spectroscopy of single proteins [11], spectral resolution approaching that of conventional NMR [12,13], and so on [14][15][16][17]. A far-reaching yet natural goal of this line of research is chemical structure analysis at the single-molecular level, i.e., the determination of chemical identities and locations of the constituent nuclei in a single molecule.For nuclei dipolarly-coupled with a sensor, the knowledge of the hyperfine parameters A and A ⊥ (the parallel and perpendicular components, respectively) translates to the coordinate parameters r and θ, the distance from the sensor and the tilt (polar angle) from the applied static magnetic field B 0 , respectively, owing to the form of the interaction ∝ (3 cos 2 θ − 1)/r 3 or 3 cos θ sin θ/r 3 [ Fig. 1(a, left)]. 13 C nuclei (I = 1 2 ) in diamond sensed by the NV electronic spin (S = 1) have served as a canonical testbed for various NMR protocols to characterize the hyperfine parameters [3,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. For instance, in correlation spectroscopy, a multipulse sequence is repeated with the interval of t corr , during which a target nuclear spin evolves freely. Boss et al. demonstrated that, by engineering the Hamiltonian during the free nuclear precession, both A and A ⊥ can be estima...

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Section: Definitions Of Coordinatesmentioning

confidence: 66%

Determination of the position of a single nuclear spin from free nuclear precessions detected by a solid-state quantum sensor

2018

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“…It was reached for colour centres in the case of nitrogen vacancies in diamond, with very low doping and nanoparticles [16]. Then the local magnetic field can be detected by means of magnetic resonance on the Zeeman split levels [17]. With such a tool the resolution of a single spin near the surface can be reached [17,18]!…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Then the local magnetic field can be detected by means of magnetic resonance on the Zeeman split levels [17]. With such a tool the resolution of a single spin near the surface can be reached [17,18]! Such studies open the path for an ultimate resolution of magnetic surface structures down to the atomic level.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vortex lines in a cubic magnetic nanodot: structure and dynamics

Depondt

Lévy

2020

EPJ Web Conf.

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Langevin simulations of cubic magnetic nanodots were performed using the Landau-Lifshitz equation with exchange and dipolar interactions. Vortices tend to organize as lines: we establish the structure and dynamics thereof for a large range of the dipolar versus exchange ratio d. These lines tend to be bent and twisted. For large values of the dipolar interaction, a complex network of vortex lines arises. Dynamics evidences low frequency collective gyrotropic motions of vortex lines which maintain their distance during motion.

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“…For MW delivery we use a loop described in greater detail below. More sophisticated MW delivery antennas like coplanar waveguides or resonators can also be used 24 .…”

Section: Choice Of Laser Source and Acousto-optic Modulatormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The NV-based quantum sensing schemes applied in this protocol have previously been described in the literature 13,23,24 . Here, we outline the technical requirements for the implementation of the pulse sequences used in this protocol.…”

Section: Pulse Sequence Basicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantum diamond spectrometer for nanoscale NMR and ESR spectroscopy

et al. 2019

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Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) quantum defects in diamond are sensitive detectors of magnetic fields. Due to their atomic size and optical readout capability, they have been used for magnetic resonance spectroscopy of nanoscale samples on diamond surfaces. Here we present a protocol for fabricating NV-diamond chips and for constructing and operating a simple, low-cost "quantum diamond spectrometer" for performing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy in nanoscale volumes. The instrument is based on a commercially-available diamond chip, with an ion-implanted NVensemble at a depth of ~ 10 nm below the diamond surface. The spectrometer operates at low magnetic fields (~ 300 G) and requires standard optical and microwave components for NV spin preparation, manipulation and readout. We demonstrate the utility of this device for nanoscale proton and fluorine NMR spectroscopy, as well as for the detection of transition metals via ESR noise spectroscopy. We estimate that the full protocol requires 2-3 months to implement, depending on the availability of equipment, diamond substrates, and user experience. Introduction:Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of electrons and nuclei comprises a family of ubiquitous and essential analytical tools in modern chemical and biological research 1 . Electron spin resonance (ESR), also known as electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), spectroscopy is a useful means for probing molecules possessing unpaired electrons, such as transition metal complexes and radicals 2 . (Bio)molecules that lack an unpaired electronic spin can be probed via ESR-active spin labels. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), on the other hand, is a more widely utilized technique, as NMR-active nuclei (e.g., 1 H, 13 C, 14 N, and 31 P) are commonly encountered in organic and biological chemistry. The narrow spectral lines of NMR afford unprecedented information about molecular structure and dynamics. NMR is less sensitive than ESR, however, owing to the lower gyromagnetic ratios of nuclei compared to that of the electron. In fact, both NMR and ESR are relatively insensitive when compared to the state of the art in other analytical techniques like mass spectrometry or fluorescence microscopy. The low sensitivity of magnetic resonance is particularly challenging for life science applications, where biomolecules of interest commonly occur in small absolute quantities or concentrations. Thus, there is great interest in new techniques to increase the sensitivity of magnetic resonance spectroscopy 3-5 . One promising approach employs a magnetic sensor based on fluorescent quantum defects in diamond, such as nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers, enabling interrogation of sample volumes down to the nanoscale 6,7 , including single proteins 8,9 , single protons 10 and 2D materials 11 . In this protocol, we describe the procedure for generating NV-diamond sensor chips and the construction of a "quantum diamond spectrometer" for NMR and ESR of nanoscale samples placed on the diamond chip. Physical back...

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Tutorial: Magnetic resonance with nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond—microwave engineering, materials science, and magnetometry

Cited by 74 publications

References 70 publications

Determination of the position of a single nuclear spin from free nuclear precessions detected by a solid-state quantum sensor

Determination of the position of a single nuclear spin from free nuclear precessions detected by a solid-state quantum sensor

Vortex lines in a cubic magnetic nanodot: structure and dynamics

Quantum diamond spectrometer for nanoscale NMR and ESR spectroscopy

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