Turtles as a Possible Reservoir of Nontyphoidal <i>Salmonella</i> in Shanghai, China

Zhang, Jianmin; Kuang, Dai; Wang, Fei; Meng, Jianghong; Jin, Huang; Yang, Xiaowei; Liao, Ming; Klena, John D.; Wu, Shuyu; Zhang, Yong-Biao; Xu, Xuebin

doi:10.1089/fpd.2015.2107

Cited by 15 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(15 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…This level of detection is consistent with other investigations in turtle populations where the prevalence was close to zero (Brenner et al, 2002;Mitchell & McAvoy, 1990;Richards et al, 2004;Saelinger et al, , 2006;Way & Allender, 2011). However, other studies have detected prevalences ranging from 8 to 18.75% (Charles-Smith et al , 7(2) 2020, 196-204 Zhang et al, 2016). It is known that Salmonella shedding could be intermittent (Kaufmann et al, 1967) and stress-related in reptiles (Burnham et al, 1998;Chiodini & Sundberg, 1981;DuPonte et al, 1978), so, this apparent prevalence should be taken with caution.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Antibiotic-Resistant Salmonella, isolated from cloacal swab samples from turtles in Guatemala

Centeno¹,

Godínez²,

Sandoval³

et al. 2020

CTS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Salmonellosis is a relevant public health threat worldwide. Reptiles are commonly involved in cases in humans. A microbiological survey was conducted from August to October 2018 to isolate Salmonella bacteria and look for antibiotic-resistant isolates in pet turtles of five species (Kinosternon sp., Rhinoclemmys sp., Staurotypus sp., Trachemys scripta y T. venusta) in Guatemala City and San Lucas Sacatepéquez. Cloacal swabs were taken from 63 turtle individuals and cultivated in the Microbiology Laboratory at the Veterinary Medicine Faculty, University of San Carlos of Guatemala. Three samples were positive to the presence of Salmonella sp. One of these isolates (from Trachemys scripta) was resistant to Gentamicin, Penicillin and Amikacin, other isolate (from T. scripta) was partially resistant to Amoxicilin+Clavulanic Acid and Penicillin and other (from T. venusta) to Penicillin. These findings highlight the need for better biosecurity practices and show the capacity of bacteria to develop survival strategies that involve resistance to harmful substances like antibiotics. Key words: Salmonellosis, public health, epidemiology, zoonoses, multiresistant gram negative bacteria.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Antibiotic-Resistant Salmonella, isolated from cloacal swab samples from turtles in Guatemala

Centeno¹,

Godínez²,

Sandoval³

et al. 2020

CTS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In this sense, Salmonella has been included in the World Health Organisation priority list of twelve antibiotic-resistant bacteria ( 24 ). Interest in the role of reptiles as an antibiotic-resistant Salmonella reservoir has increased in recent years ( 7 , 25 , 26 ). Moreover, AMR had been reported in Salmonella isolated from captive reptiles, and their release could entail therapeutic consequences for their owners and breeders ( 16 , 27 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pet Reptiles: A Potential Source of Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Salmonella spp. is widely considered one of the most important zoonotic pathogens worldwide. The close contact between reptiles and their owners provides favourable conditions for the transmission of zoonotic pathogen infections, and ~6% of human salmonellosis cases are acquired after direct or indirect contact with reptiles. Moreover, antimicrobial resistance is one of the most important health threats of the twenty-first century and has been reported in Salmonella strains isolated from pet reptiles, which could entail therapeutic consequences for their owners and breeders. The aim of this study was to assess Salmonella carriage by pet reptiles in pet shops and households, and their role in the transmission of antimicrobial resistance, to inform the owners about the possible risks factors. During the period between January 2019 and December 2019, 54 reptiles from pet shops and 69 reptiles from households were sampled in the Valencian Region (Eastern Spain). Three different sample types were collected from each reptile: oral cavity, skin, and cloacal swabs. Salmonella identification was based on ISO 6579-1:2017 (Annex D), serotyped in accordance with Kauffman-White-Le-Minor technique, and antibiotic susceptibility was assessed according to Decision 2013/652. The results of this study showed that 48% of the pet reptiles examined from households and pet shops carry Salmonella spp. All the strains isolated presented resistance to at least one antibiotic, and 72% were multidrug-resistant strains, the most frequently observed resistance patterns being gentamicin-colistin and gentamicin-colistin-ampicillin. The present study demonstrates that pet reptiles could be a source of human multidrug-resistant Salmonella infection. In this context, the most optimal prevention of multidrug-resistant Salmonella infections necessarily involves strict control of the sanitary status of reptile pet shops and hygienic handling by the individual owners at home.

show abstract

“…In Europe, direct or indirect contact with reptiles has been linked to Salmonella infection in humans, although the source of infection is unknown in many cases [48]. Since 2010, studies and reports have been conducted in various European countries related to the prevalence of Salmonella in turtles in UK [44], Italy [45], and Spain [8,46] (Table 3) as well as turtle-associated human salmonellosis in Spain [1,17], France [36,37], and Romania [38] (Table 2). In Spain in September 2010 and October 2011, S. enterica serovar Paratyphi B var Java and its possible monophasic variant 4,5,12:b:-dT+ were identified in eight and three human cases, respectively.…”

Section: Europementioning

confidence: 99%

“…is rarely a cause of human infection, although it is a common gut inhabitant of reptiles, such as snakes and turtles. Whilst gastroenteritis is the common clinical symptom of this Salmonella, other manifestations, including otitis, mastoiditis, meningitis, osteomyelitis, osteoarthritis, or septicemia, can occur, particularly in young children and immunocompromised individuals [38].…”

Section: Europementioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of the Public Health Challenges of Salmonella and Turtles

Sodagari

Habib

Shahabi

et al. 2020

Veterinary Sciences

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars are recognized as zoonotic pathogens. Although human salmonellosis is frequently associated with ingestion of contaminated foods of animal origin, contact with animals may also be a significant source of Salmonella infection, especially contact with turtles, which have shown to be an important reservoir of Salmonella, specifically through their intestinal tracts. Turtles are among the most common reptiles kept as house pets that may pose a public health risk associated with Salmonella exposure, especially among infants and young children. This review discusses the literature reporting the link between turtles and Salmonella as well as turtle-associated human salmonellosis in the last ten years. In most outbreaks, a high proportion of patients are children under five years of age, which indicates that children are at the greatest risk of turtle-associated salmonellosis. Therefore, turtles should not be preferred as recommended pets for children under five years of age. Reducing turtle stress to minimise Salmonella shedding as well as providing client education handouts at the points of sale of these animals may reduce the risk of transmitting such significant pathogen to humans. Further studies are required to investigate the role of both direct contact with turtles as well as indirect contact through cross-contamination in the transmission of turtles-associated Salmonella to humans.

show abstract

Turtles as a Possible Reservoir of Nontyphoidal Salmonella in Shanghai, China

Cited by 15 publications

References 14 publications

Antibiotic-Resistant Salmonella, isolated from cloacal swab samples from turtles in Guatemala

Antibiotic-Resistant Salmonella, isolated from cloacal swab samples from turtles in Guatemala

Pet Reptiles: A Potential Source of Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella

A Review of the Public Health Challenges of Salmonella and Turtles

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About