“…Benthic foraminiferal taxa were assigned to “oligotrophic” groups by using a large compiled data set with information on species distribution in space and time (Alegret et al., 2021; Arreguin‐Rodriguez et al., 2018). We assume that taxa more common at sites in deeper waters at any point in time require less food than taxa common at shallower sites at the same time (following e.g., Jorissen et al., 2007; Tjalsma & Lohmann, 1983), because of the logarithmic decline in food with water depth.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Benthic foraminiferal assemblage data and accumulation rates have been published. The benthic foraminiferal data for the PETM are presented as the abundance of oligotrophic benthic taxa in 44 samples across the CIE (Alegret et al., 2021; Arreguin‐Rodriguez et al., 2018; Data Set ), because BFAR data are not available.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Low BFAR and high % oligotrophic taxa both indicate less delivery of food to the seafloor (Figure 1). However, the exact relations between low BFAR and the relative abundance of oligotrophic taxa (and the reverse, high BFAR and eutrophic taxa %) have not yet been well defined (e.g., Alegret et al, 2021). We note that negative correlations between BFAR and % oligotrophic taxa (the sum of Nuttallides truempyi and abyssaminid species) are significant, supporting the use of % oligotrophic taxa for the PETM where BFAR data are not available ( Figure S6), with oligotrophic taxa at a maximum of 58%.…”
Section: Benthic Foraminiferal Datamentioning
confidence: 99%
“…During the PETM, pelagic organisms (e.g., planktic foraminifers, calcareous nannoplankton, and dinoflagellates) shifted geographic ranges polewards, and ∼30% of deep‐sea benthic foraminifera species went extinct (e.g., Foster et al., 2013; Hayek et al., 2019; Thomas, 2007). Biotic effects of the smaller hyperthermals events have been less well studied (Gibbs et al., 2012), but benthic foraminifera did not suffer extinction (Alegret et al., 2021; Arreguin‐Rodriguez et al., 2018; Jennions et al., 2015; Thomas et al., 2018). The net global effects of warming on oceanic productivity during the hyperthermal events are not clear, but reduced intensity of deep ocean circulation and trade winds could have limited primary productivity in open oceans through reduced upwelling of nutrients (e.g., Norris et al., 2013; Schneider et al., 2013; Winguth et al., 2012).…”
The marine biological carbon pump sequesters carbon from the atmosphere into deep ocean waters and to a lesser extent, in seafloor sediments (Figure 1). Despite focused study, many questions remain regarding carbon cycle functioning and potential changes in a warming world-changes that will affect oceanic ecosystems and potentially serve as feedbacks to the climate-carbon cycle system (e.g., IPCC, 2014; Passow & Carlson, 2012). Today, the ocean sequesters a third to a quarter of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, transferring carbon to the ocean's interior (e.g., Boscolo-Galazzo et al., 2018; IPCC, 2014). Changes in the efficiency of the carbon pump to store carbon in the ocean's interior affect the size of the oceanic pool of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), one of the Earth's largest pools of bioactive and exchangeable carbon, and thus are important for understanding potential carbon sequestration in the deep ocean (e.g., Ridgwell & Arndt, 2015). In past warm periods of Earth history (such as the Eocene) temperature dependency of the Abstract Future environmental change may profoundly affect oceanic ecosystems in a complex way, due to the synergy between rising temperatures, reduction in mixing and upwelling due to enhanced stratification, ocean acidification, and associated biogeochemical dynamics. Changes in primary productivity, in export of organic carbon from the surface ocean, and in remineralization deeper in the water column in the so-called "twilight zone" may substantially alter the marine biological carbon pump, thus carbon storage in the oceans. We present different proxy records commonly used for reconstructing paleoproductivity, and re-evaluate their use for understanding dynamic change within and between different constituents of the marine biological pump during transient global warming episodes in the past. Marine pelagic barite records are a proxy for carbon export from the photic and/or mesopelagic zone, and are not positively correlated with benthic foraminiferal proxies for arrival of organic matter to the seafloor over three early Eocene periods of global warming (Ocean Drilling Program Site 1263, SE Atlantic). These two proxies reflect processes in different parts of the water column, thus different components of the biological pump. An increase in temperature-dependent organic carbon remineralization in the water column would have caused decreased arrival of food at the seafloor, starving the benthic biota and explaining the differences between the proxies, and may have led to ocean deoxygenation. Carbon cycle modeling demonstrates the feasibility of enhanced water-column remineralization to explain both Site 1263 records, suggesting that this mechanism amplifies pCO 2 increase, representing a positive feedback during hyperthermal warming. Plain Language Summary A major challenge in understanding the response of the oceanic carbon cycle to ongoing global warming is predicting how much organic carbon is sequestered in the deep ocean waters, where it may remain for centuries, and in se...
“…Benthic foraminiferal taxa were assigned to “oligotrophic” groups by using a large compiled data set with information on species distribution in space and time (Alegret et al., 2021; Arreguin‐Rodriguez et al., 2018). We assume that taxa more common at sites in deeper waters at any point in time require less food than taxa common at shallower sites at the same time (following e.g., Jorissen et al., 2007; Tjalsma & Lohmann, 1983), because of the logarithmic decline in food with water depth.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Benthic foraminiferal assemblage data and accumulation rates have been published. The benthic foraminiferal data for the PETM are presented as the abundance of oligotrophic benthic taxa in 44 samples across the CIE (Alegret et al., 2021; Arreguin‐Rodriguez et al., 2018; Data Set ), because BFAR data are not available.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Low BFAR and high % oligotrophic taxa both indicate less delivery of food to the seafloor (Figure 1). However, the exact relations between low BFAR and the relative abundance of oligotrophic taxa (and the reverse, high BFAR and eutrophic taxa %) have not yet been well defined (e.g., Alegret et al, 2021). We note that negative correlations between BFAR and % oligotrophic taxa (the sum of Nuttallides truempyi and abyssaminid species) are significant, supporting the use of % oligotrophic taxa for the PETM where BFAR data are not available ( Figure S6), with oligotrophic taxa at a maximum of 58%.…”
Section: Benthic Foraminiferal Datamentioning
confidence: 99%
“…During the PETM, pelagic organisms (e.g., planktic foraminifers, calcareous nannoplankton, and dinoflagellates) shifted geographic ranges polewards, and ∼30% of deep‐sea benthic foraminifera species went extinct (e.g., Foster et al., 2013; Hayek et al., 2019; Thomas, 2007). Biotic effects of the smaller hyperthermals events have been less well studied (Gibbs et al., 2012), but benthic foraminifera did not suffer extinction (Alegret et al., 2021; Arreguin‐Rodriguez et al., 2018; Jennions et al., 2015; Thomas et al., 2018). The net global effects of warming on oceanic productivity during the hyperthermal events are not clear, but reduced intensity of deep ocean circulation and trade winds could have limited primary productivity in open oceans through reduced upwelling of nutrients (e.g., Norris et al., 2013; Schneider et al., 2013; Winguth et al., 2012).…”
The marine biological carbon pump sequesters carbon from the atmosphere into deep ocean waters and to a lesser extent, in seafloor sediments (Figure 1). Despite focused study, many questions remain regarding carbon cycle functioning and potential changes in a warming world-changes that will affect oceanic ecosystems and potentially serve as feedbacks to the climate-carbon cycle system (e.g., IPCC, 2014; Passow & Carlson, 2012). Today, the ocean sequesters a third to a quarter of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, transferring carbon to the ocean's interior (e.g., Boscolo-Galazzo et al., 2018; IPCC, 2014). Changes in the efficiency of the carbon pump to store carbon in the ocean's interior affect the size of the oceanic pool of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), one of the Earth's largest pools of bioactive and exchangeable carbon, and thus are important for understanding potential carbon sequestration in the deep ocean (e.g., Ridgwell & Arndt, 2015). In past warm periods of Earth history (such as the Eocene) temperature dependency of the Abstract Future environmental change may profoundly affect oceanic ecosystems in a complex way, due to the synergy between rising temperatures, reduction in mixing and upwelling due to enhanced stratification, ocean acidification, and associated biogeochemical dynamics. Changes in primary productivity, in export of organic carbon from the surface ocean, and in remineralization deeper in the water column in the so-called "twilight zone" may substantially alter the marine biological carbon pump, thus carbon storage in the oceans. We present different proxy records commonly used for reconstructing paleoproductivity, and re-evaluate their use for understanding dynamic change within and between different constituents of the marine biological pump during transient global warming episodes in the past. Marine pelagic barite records are a proxy for carbon export from the photic and/or mesopelagic zone, and are not positively correlated with benthic foraminiferal proxies for arrival of organic matter to the seafloor over three early Eocene periods of global warming (Ocean Drilling Program Site 1263, SE Atlantic). These two proxies reflect processes in different parts of the water column, thus different components of the biological pump. An increase in temperature-dependent organic carbon remineralization in the water column would have caused decreased arrival of food at the seafloor, starving the benthic biota and explaining the differences between the proxies, and may have led to ocean deoxygenation. Carbon cycle modeling demonstrates the feasibility of enhanced water-column remineralization to explain both Site 1263 records, suggesting that this mechanism amplifies pCO 2 increase, representing a positive feedback during hyperthermal warming. Plain Language Summary A major challenge in understanding the response of the oceanic carbon cycle to ongoing global warming is predicting how much organic carbon is sequestered in the deep ocean waters, where it may remain for centuries, and in se...
“…The paleoecological data displayed in Fig. 4 were extracted from the compilation of benthic foraminiferal quantitative data, in order to analyze the spatial/temporal variability of these organisms through the Paleogene [21] . Fig.…”
All studies focused on the evaluation of paleoecological variability over geological time must be linked to a specific age or time interval, which can be defined using different time scales (biostratigraphic, chronostratigraphic, geochronological or orbital). Therefore, integrated time scales are essential to allow comparisons of data from different locations and/or to assess evolutionary and other events through time. Here we use a new method to update a Paleogene magnetobiochronological time scale, with the following contributions:
The update of the Paleogene magnetobiochronological scale was made by graphical correlation with new age models and adding calcareous nannoplankton and planktonic foraminiferal biozones from different authors.
An excel file structure was proposed to plot any kind of data in MATLAB software, as long as they are associated with some of the scales shown in our updated version of Paleogene magnetobiochronology.
The excel file structure facilitates the analysis of long-term trends of taxonomic groups throughout the Paleogene, and of their evolution in a period characterized by intense climate variability.
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