Turnabout is fair play: Secondary roles for primary compounds

Berenbaum, May R.

doi:10.1007/bf02033799

Cited by 187 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…The supposed tests rely on the assumption that total food consumption of a single unbalanced diet cannot be limited to the level of the consumption of a balanced diet, which is clearly not true (Simpson and Simpson 1990;. Furthermore, the de®nition of a toxin is unclear, since, in the absence of short-term toxic e ects, the detection of toxins relies exclusively on the a priori de®nition that they cause consumption reductions; however, consumption of an excess of macro-or micro-nutrients can be as toxic as any toxin (Berenbaum 1995). We cannot imagine an easy way to examine the combined e ects of nutrients and toxins without precise measurements and extensive experimental manipulation of both.…”

Section: General Discussion and Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary mixing in three generalist herbivores: nutrient complementation or toxin dilution?

1999

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We reared larvae of three generalist insect species on plants occurring in their habitats. Individuals of each species were kept either on mixed diets, or on each plant species separately. We measured food plant preference in the mixed-diet group and compared insect performance on single plants to the performance on the mixed diet. For all three insect species, food choice within the mixed-diet groups was non-random and delivered the best overall performance, thus ful®lling the criteria for self-selected diets. When a single diet was as good as the mixed diet for one particular aspect of performance (Adenostyles alliariae and Petasites albus for Miramella alpina; A. alliariae for Callimorpha dominula), it was never the most preferred food plant in the mixed-diet treatment. Whether the bene®t achieved by mixing diets is due to nutrient complementation or toxin dilution, we argue that there is no easy way to distinguish between the two hypotheses on the basis of consumption and performance measurements, as has previously been proposed. From the interpretation of utilisation plots, the ANCOVA equivalent of nutritional indices, we were able to gain insight into where in the sequence from ingestion to growth (preingestive, predigestive or postdigestive) single diets caused di erences from mixed diets. The elements of this control system which were in¯uenced by single diets varied considerably, both within and between insect species. No food plant was toxic or deterrent to all experimental insect species; a food plant that caused consumption e ects (preingestive) for one insect species could be dealt with metabolically (postdigestive) by another; di erent food plants could cause behavioural e ects (preingestive), metabolic e ects (postdigestive), or a combination of both e ects, all within the same insect species. However, one generality did emerge: once a food was ingested, further growth-relevant e ects occurred metabolically (postdigestive) rather than via di erential egestion (digestibility).

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Section: General Discussion and Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary mixing in three generalist herbivores: nutrient complementation or toxin dilution?

1999

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“…The Geometric Framework (GF) was designed with these core requirements in mind Simpson 1993, 1999;Simpson and Raubenheimer 1993, 1995Simpson et al 2004;). It satisfies the multiple-foodcomponents requirement using a simple device known as a nutrient space.…”

Section: The Geometry Of Nutritionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When an animal reaches its nutrient target, the total pool of available nutrients needs to be divided among several functions, including growth, metabolism and reproduction (Raubenheimer and Simpson 1992, 1995. How the animal allocates these nutrients is critical to fitness and, as a result, natural selection has fashioned animal physiology to achieve a favourable strategy for investing its nutritional 'income' across its various requirements.…”

Section: Processing Ingested Nutrientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The nature of nutrition: a unifying framework

Simpson

Raubenheimer

2011

Aust. J. Zool.

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Abstract. We present a graphical approach, which we believe can help to integrate nutrition into the broader biological sciences, and introduce generality into the applied nutritional sciences. This 'Geometric Framework' takes account of the fact that animals need multiple nutrients in changing amounts and balance, and that nutrients come packaged in foods that are often hard to find, dangerous to subdue and costly to process. We then show how the Geometric Framework has been used to understand the links between nutrition and relevant aspects of the biology of individual animals. These aspects include the physiological mechanisms that direct the nutritional interactions of the animal with its environment, and the fitness consequences of these interactions. Having considered the implications of diet for individuals, we show that these effects can translate into the collective behaviour of groups and societies, and in turn ramify throughout food webs to influence the structure of ecosystems.

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“…The perception of CO 2 as a floral odor by M. sexta adds to the small but growing list of ''secondary functions'' (e.g., pollinator attraction and herbivore deterrence) attributable to primary plant metabolites among plant-insect interactions (54,55). Floral CO 2 is a stimulus whose relevance to moth foraging behavior depends on the specific task at hand (e.g., oviposition) and the extent to which other floral information is available.…”

Section: Context Dependence Of Female Responses In Binary-choice Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Context- and scale-dependent effects of floral CO ₂ on nectar foraging by Manduca sexta

Goyret

Markwell²,

Raguso³

2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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fragrance ͉ odor ͉ olfaction ͉ pollination ͉ Sphingidae A nthophilous insects use information from a variety of sensory channels to locate flowers and feed from them (1). Thus, a crucial task for studying insect-plant interactions is to identify which components of the environment provide the sensory inputs used by insects, and to what extent context and scale affect their information content (2). Whereas flower colors and patterns (3, 4), whole-flower and nectar odors (5), and even corolla shape and texture are known features used by foraging insects and other nectivorous animals (6, 7), few studies have explicitly addressed the role of flower respiratory carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) as a stimulus involved in plant-pollinator interactions.Our knowledge of how insects use CO 2 as a sensory cue is derived primarily from studies of insects that vector diseases or attack crop plants. For example, many haematophagous insects use CO 2 to locate their animal hosts from a distance (8). Discontinuous CO 2 plumes modulate host-seeking behavior by mosquitoes (9, 10), suggesting that CO 2 acts as a long-range orientation stimulus (11). Tsetse flies and biting midges also use CO 2 as a long-range attractant that can synergize the attractiveness of other host odors (12, 13). However, CO 2 also functions as a close-range feeding stimulus (on the host's skin) for mosquitoes (8). CO 2 synergizes the attractiveness of some human skin odors to female yellow fever mosquitoes (14) and has been suggested to synergize triatomine bug responses to L(ϩ)-lactic acid (15).Some herbivorous insects show similar responses to CO 2 , although typically at closer range to its source than haematophagous insects. CO 2 alone is sufficient to guide Diabrotica virgifera beetle larvae toward corn roots (16), and larvae of noctuid (Helicoverpa armigera) (17) and pyralid (Elasmopalpus lignosellus) (18) moths orient to above-ambient CO 2 sources. Females of the pyralid moth Cactoblastis cactorum search for CO 2 sinks on photosynthetic stem surfaces of Opuntia stricta, as indicators of high carbon fixation activity (19). In this case, CO 2 gradients are used as close-range stimuli, as is true for tephritid flies that oviposit on fruit wounds, which provide a localized source of CO 2 and other olfactory oviposition stimulants (20). Finally, responses to CO 2 may be context-dependent. Tephritid flies respond to CO 2 when presented with a fruit-like visual stimulus (20). Within a certain concentration range, Drosophila melanogaster adults and larvae are repelled by CO 2 , and it has been suggested that these responses depend on the olfactory context (21).It is clear from the studies reviewed above that CO 2 may function alone or in concert with host odors, at a distance or at close range, via several behavioral mechanisms. Recent studies suggest that CO 2 may also contribute to the interactions between flowers and insect pollinators. Floral CO 2 is primarily associated with elevated respiratory activity in thermogenic flowers, including deceptive flowers that mim...

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Turnabout is fair play: Secondary roles for primary compounds

Cited by 187 publications

References 58 publications

Dietary mixing in three generalist herbivores: nutrient complementation or toxin dilution?

Dietary mixing in three generalist herbivores: nutrient complementation or toxin dilution?

The nature of nutrition: a unifying framework

Context- and scale-dependent effects of floral CO ₂ on nectar foraging by Manduca sexta

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Turnabout is fair play: Secondary roles for primary compounds

Cited by 187 publications

References 58 publications

Dietary mixing in three generalist herbivores: nutrient complementation or toxin dilution?

Dietary mixing in three generalist herbivores: nutrient complementation or toxin dilution?

The nature of nutrition: a unifying framework

Context- and scale-dependent effects of floral CO 2 on nectar foraging by Manduca sexta

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Context- and scale-dependent effects of floral CO ₂ on nectar foraging by Manduca sexta