The end of the Cold War has allowed for a burgeoning of the security agendas to include a range of softer threats such as economic and social conditions and environmental damage alongside the more traditional military considerations. The Turkish national discourse, however, has largely diverged from these global trends with militaristic perspectives still dominating and guiding the Turkish security agendas, almost exclusively, throughout the 1990s. This article argues that the roots of such enduring centrality of security, as understood and interpreted along the traditional lines, lie in the variables of history and ideology and the way in which these variables are reflected in modern Turkish society and identity.Security in international relations is generally understood as the absence of, and freedom from, threats to core values for both individuals and groups. 1 Throughout the Cold War, security as the ultimate goal of state behaviour has occupied a key place in both scholarly and policy-making analyses. As a consequence, questions of national security have dominated the security field and the notion of national security in turn has often been defined as 'a state's ability to defend itself from enemies who, by external attack and/or internal subversion, would threaten the integrity of its borders or its very existence'. 2 Traditionally, the analysis of national security has concentrated on the hard security dimension and was primarily defined in military terms. Its focus was thus on the state's military ability to deter and defend against aggression and threats of violence.This perspective on the concept of security that is guided by exclusively military considerations has been criticised as limited in focus and 'too narrowly founded', 3 and a number of scholars and strategists have argued for an expanded notion of security to include a range of softer threats. 4 Indeed, the end of the Cold War has allowed for a burgeoning of the security agenda. As a result, issues such as economic and social conditions, environmental damage, ethnic and religious based communal conflict, terrorism, organized crime and