Turkey: Beyond Atatürk

Multiple Identities as Reflected in English-Language Education: The Turkish Perspective

“…In the words of Landau, it is "giving understanding and meaning to the emergence of Turkey into modern science and development; to new technology, education, ethics, as well as to new faith and work life" (as cited in Karal, 1981, p. 28). To provide Turkish citizens with a new view of the world that would replace the one shaped by religion and religious culture to a wide extent, Atatürk embarked on a movement of cultural Westernization, which he equated Downloaded by [Dokuz Eylul University ] at 14:57 05 November 2014 with civilization (Okyar, 1984;Oran, 1997;Rouleau, 1996). In creating a new national identity, Atatürk "had to stand against the Muslim concept of political identity which had been the legitimate basis of the policy of the Ottoman Empire" (Takeshi, 1981, p. 228).…”

What Works? Countermeasures to Terrorism: A Case Study of PKK

“…In September 1996, Turkey was under considerable pressure from the European Parliament to repeal the State of Emergency because the law was leading to minority persecution (Rouleau, 1996). To address this concern, a new law was introduced extending the application of emergency legislation to the entire country of Turkey to apply it equally to the entire Turkish population (Greek Helsinki Monitor, 19 June 1997).…”

Politically Driven Regulations and Enforcement: Monitoring Kurd and Fundamentalist Broadcasts in Turkey

“…Following the arrest of the PKK leader and the cessation of terror attacks in 1999, Ankara liberalized policies and relaxed restrictions on the practice of Kurdish culture. Despite this effort to meet EU requirements, the treatment of Kurds may still jeopardize Turkey's membership in the organization (Gunter, 2000;Rouleau, 1996Rouleau, , 2000.…”