Turbulence in the intragroup and circumgalactic medium

Abstract

Context. In massive objects, such as galaxy clusters, the turbulent velocity dispersion, σturb, is tightly correlated to both the object mass, M, and the thermal energy. Aims. Here, we investigate whether these scaling laws extend to lower-mass objects in dark-matter filaments. Methods. We perform a cosmological zoom-in simulation of a filament using an adaptive filtering technique for the resolved velocity component and a subgrid-scale model to account for the unresolved component. We then compute the mean turbulent and thermal energies for all halos in the zoom-in region and compare different definitions of halo averages. Averaging constrained by density and temperature thresholds is favored over averages solely based on virial spheres. Results. We find no clear trend for the turbulent velocity dispersion versus halo mass, but significant correlation and a scaling law with exponent α ∼ 0.5 between the turbulent velocity dispersion and thermal energy that agrees with a nearly constant turbulent Mach number, similar to more massive objects. Conclusions. We conclude that the self-similar energetics proposed for galaxy clusters extends down to the circumgalactic medium of individual galaxies.

Preventive restructuring frameworks: Jurisdiction, recognition and applicable law

“…There are thus very good reasons to qualify all other preventive restructuring frameworks as matters of company law. 53 On the premise that preventive restructuring frameworks that do not constitute insolvency proceedings within the meaning of the EIR 2015 are qualified as company law matters, they are in line with the EU incorporation theory 54governed by the law of the Member State of the company's registered offices as lex societatis. 55 At any rate, an unequivocal decision of the CJEU to that effect or a clarification by the European legislator would be highly desirable.…”

“…can be adopted directly as elements of the restructuring plan. 47 Though equity holders on principle 48 vote on the restructuring plan, their vote can be overruled by way of a cross-class cram-down (cf. Articles 9 and 11 of the PRD).…”

“…In addition, preventive restructuring frameworks are very similar to company transformation measures: They also provide a structured legal framework with participation of the relevant stakeholders by way of which the company is set on a new basis and which has erga-omneseffect for and against all affected parties. 49 Hence, there is a particularly close nexus with the company that is being restructured. 50 The company is effectively the bond that connects all parties affected by the preventive restructuring framework.…”

“…Article 6(1) of the EIR 2015)not proceedings that may (potentially) transition into insolvency proceedings within the meaning of the EIR 2015. 56…”

“…Hence, the restructuring plan is effectively a substitute for a resolution of the shareholders. 104 Moreover, as a restructuring plan confirmed by a judicial or administrative authority is binding upon all affected parties (Article 15(1) of the PRD), there islike in case of "regular" decisions of company organsa special interest in a uniform decision (instead of potentially conflicting judgments). 105 If preventive restructuring frameworks that do not constitute insolvency proceedings within the meaning of the EIR 2015 are qualified as company law matters, they areaccording to the EU incorporation theory 106governed by the law of the Member State in which the company has its registered office.…”