“…25,26 This framework manages boilerplate aspects of the code such as le I/O and problem con guration, while also providing basic computational physics functionality such as de ning the main simulation loop, a clock, and a grid. 27 For this rigid-beam problem, we have created custom turboPy PhysicsModules which solve the electric eld equation, the rate equations, and the electron uid equations. Additional PhysicsModules read in tabulated rate coe cients and perform the rate table lookups, while others calculate the stopping power and beam-impact ionization and excitation rates.…”