Turbidity effects of suspended bauxite in embryonic stage of climbing perch (Anabas testudineus) post fertilization

EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND METALS (ZINC AND CADMIUM) IN EMBRYONIC STAGE OF Anabas testudineus: AN ALTERNATIVE FRESHWATER FISH EMBRYO TEST IN THE SOUTHEAST ASIA REGION

“…In the case of A. testudineus, a simple 10 L tank can accommodate approximately 2 individuals of fish in the range of 50 -100 g of fish weight, and neither electric nor aeration is required. The endpoint of hatching of zebrafish generally lasts up to 72 h compared to only 20 h in A. testudineus in the present study (Nurulnadia et al, 2020). Therefore, the present study was preliminary conducted to establish climbing perch (Anabas testudineus) embryo as an alternative FET test organism to common approach, zebrafish (Danio rerio), specifically in Southeast Asia region, the native region of this species.…”

“…A good embryotoxicity model should fulfill criteria such as short-developmental stages, easy culturing, transparent fish eggs, and higher fecundity (Volckaert et al, 1994). These criteria were observed in A. testudineus embryo (e.g Abdul Ghani, 2016;Nurulnadia et al, 2020), indicating a good alternative for FET.…”

“…The zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo commonly used as a freshwater embryotoxicity model in Southeast Asia which were exposed to a vast number of toxicants (Hallare et al, 2009;Alafiatayo et al, 2019;Omar et al, 2020;Ramli et al, 2020;Damodaran et al, 2021;Kitipaspallop et al, 2021;Thitinarongwate et al, 2021). Besides zebrafish, walking catfish (Clarias macrocephalus) and climbing perch (Anabas testudineus, Malaysia) (Nurulnadia et al, 2020;Wankanapol & Vera Cruz, 2020) embryos were also used in Southeast Asia. Development research on zebrafish has indeed become an important part of the biological field (Kinth et al, 2013), but this species surely has its drawback especially to a beginner as well as in an underdeveloped research facility.…”

“…Climbing perch or Anabas testudineus is widely distributed in the Southeast Asia region including Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines, and Indonesia (Al-Rasheed et al, 2018). It is a freshwater fish that can adapt and proliferate in ponds, lakes, swamps, rivers, and paddy fields (Nurulnadia et al, 2020). Therefore, the broodstock of this species can be easily caught alive from the field or bought from an aquarium shop.…”

“…Therefore, the broodstock of this species can be easily caught alive from the field or bought from an aquarium shop. Besides, the hatching time of this species was recorded approximately 19.5 to 20 h post-fertilization (hpf) (Nurulnadia et al, 2020), requires less observation period compared to other FET test species (zebrafish 72 h in Avdesh et al, 2012; Japanese medaka 9 days in Kawano et al, 2017). The developmental stage of less than 24 h with good endpoint observations (etc.…”