Turbidimeter Design and Analysis: A Review on Optical Fiber Sensors for the Measurement of Water Turbidity

Omar, Ahmad; MatJafri, M. Z.

doi:10.3390/s91008311

Cited by 143 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…1a shows a turbidity measuring instrument with position of backscatter light detector, which evaluates the value of SSC. The most consistent light scatter angle is 90°from source beam [11,47], which is used in Nephelometer. The expression for scattered light intensity is as follows [60].…”

Section: Principlementioning

confidence: 99%

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“…1a. Respective positions of the source beam and the detectors for light scattering turbidimeters modified after Bin Omar and Bin MatJafri[11].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Continuous measurement of suspended sediment concentration: Technological advancement and future outlook

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“…Turbidity is defined as the loss of clarity in water, light may be absorbed, reflected or dispersed (Bin Omar & Bin MatJafri, 2009). Moreover, this parameter is related to the Beer-Lambert law Eq.…”

Section: 311backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Three techniques exist for optical sensing, according to the measuring angles. If the angle is 90º it is called nephelometric, if he the angle is 180º it is called absorptiometers and if the angle is found between 90º to 180º it is called backscattering (Bin Omar & Bin MatJafri, 2009). Different techniques are applied to measure different turbidity levels (Lambrou et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of requirements and design of sensors for monitoring water quality and feeding process in fish farms and other environments

Boronat¹

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There are many efforts done in the aquaculture to reach its sustainability, although in reality, it is far from being sustainable. Its negative impacts on the environment can be prevented and corrected by the use of sensors, developing precision aquaculture. The water quality affects to the fish performance. The temperature and salinity are some factors that affect to the fish growth. Nevertheless, other factors such as turbidity, photoperiod and dissolved oxygen among other can affect to the fish feeding needs. To adjust the amount of feed needed is crucial to ensure the sustainability of the aquaculture and to increase the economic profit of the facilities. Monitoring the water quality allows estimating the feed needs. However, it is not enough. To monitor the fish behavior, especially during the feeding period can help to adapt the provided feed. Then, if it is so clear that the monitoring can help to the aquaculture production, why we do not see this monitoring systems in the aquaculture facilities? Why in most of the facilities the feed is given manually without considering the fish feeding behavior?Nevertheless, the current price of the sensors for monitoring the fish farms is extremely high. The employed sensors are in most of the cases, the same that are used for oceanography. The proposed systems in the literature only cover some water quality parameters and usually do not consider fish feeding behavior. It is need low-cost sensors suitable for aquaculture monitoring. Those sensors must also be low-energy consumption, easy to use and with the option to include them in a network in order to send the data. Thus, we can use these sensors and sensors network to monitor the activity, to send alarms if it is necessary and to automatize processes. Moreover, including Internet, the data can be seen remotely. The use of those sensors can help to the aquaculture production.In this thesis, we show the study of requirements and design of sensors for monitoring water quality and feeding process in fish farms and other environments. First, we study in detail the requirements of sensors in aquaculture. Then, we show the state of the art of the current sensors for water quality monitoring and for aquaculture monitoring.Following, we present the design and development of some low-cost sensors and their applications in fish farm facilities with open system and recirculating system. Moreover we show a complete system which monitors up to 10 parameters including water quality (temperature, salinity, turbidity and presence of hydrocarbon/oil layer), tank environment (water level, illumination, presence of workers), and fish feeding behavior (shoal swimming depth, estimation of changes on shoal swimming velocity and feed falling). Moreover, it accomplishes the features of low-cost and low energy consumption. The estimated price for proposed system is less than 100€ per tank. In addition, we show the use of some of the aforementioned sensors for automatic adjustment of fish feeding process.Finally, some of the develop...

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“…This is called backscattering [150]. Other problems that can have optical sensors are the fouling, the high variability of the size and the reflectivity of particles [151].…”

Section: Table 23 Measures and Correlation Between Disc And Nephelomentioning

confidence: 99%

Deployment of Efficient Wireless Sensor Nodes for Monitoring in Rural, Indoor and Underwater Environments

Compte¹

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There are many works related to the design and development of sensor nodes which present several applications. Wireless sensor networks can facilitate and improve some aspects of our daily lives. It is easy to think that if this type of device is so beneficial to us and to our environment, its price should be relatively cheap. But we can see that this is not true. Why these devices are so expensive? Would it be possible to develop devices with the same capabilities and lower prices? How can I make my low-cost sensor nodes?This dissertation answers these questions and shows some of the many applications that sensor nodes may have. In this dissertation, we propose (and implement in some cases) the development of sensor nodes for environmental monitoring, from low-cost devices. For the implementation of a sensor node and network which joins all these nodes, it is important to know the environment where they will work. Throughout this dissertation, we present the research carried out for the development of sensors in three main application areas.In the first of these areas, we present multisensor devices developed for environmental monitoring. The application of wireless sensor networks to the environment requires a study of how signals are affected depending on the distance, vegetation, ambient humidity, etc. We focus our developments on the fire detection in rural areas and on the control of pests in vineyards where the early detection of these events generates high economic savings. We also propose the development of a sensor network which will help us to reduce and prevent wolves' attacks and theft in livestock. Finally, within this group, we present a network to detect material anomalies in building and a sensor network which allows us to monitor the elderly or disabled people who move along with a group on a tour or activity.The second group of applications is related to the monitoring of spaces in indoor environments. For this, we analyze the behavior of wireless signals in different scenarios. These results allowed us to extract a new method for designing wireless networks in indoor environments. Our method allows defining the best location of network devices and sensor nodes indoors saving 15% of the sensors needed.Finally, we present a study on underwater freshwater communications based on electromagnetic waves, where we analyze the dependency of underwater communications as a function of working frequency, temperature, data transfer rates and modulation.Related to underwater environment, we present two proposals. First one refers to the implementation of a sensor network for marine farms which allows us to reduce the amount of waste deposited on the seabed and reduce the percentage of wasted food. The second proposal is the development of two oceanographic sensors which allow us to control the amount of food and feces deposited in seabed and the water turbidity control in a very simple and inexpensive way. Sandra Sendra Compte ivAll these developments and proposals have been preceded by a comprehe...

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Turbidimeter Design and Analysis: A Review on Optical Fiber Sensors for the Measurement of Water Turbidity

Cited by 143 publications

References 29 publications

Continuous measurement of suspended sediment concentration: Technological advancement and future outlook

Continuous measurement of suspended sediment concentration: Technological advancement and future outlook

Study of requirements and design of sensors for monitoring water quality and feeding process in fish farms and other environments

Deployment of Efficient Wireless Sensor Nodes for Monitoring in Rural, Indoor and Underwater Environments

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