Tunnel Modeling Using Mobile Mapping Lidar Points

Abstract

Abstract. In this paper, a method to model a tunnel using lidar points is presented. The data used was collected using Leica Pegasus Two Ultimate with a Z+F 9012 Profiler mounted on a mobile platform. The tunnel was approximately 151 m long. Visual inspection of a cross-section of the tunnel showed two rail tracks supported on ballast and sidewalks along both sidewalls of the tunnel. The walls and the ceiling of the tunnel were made of five planar surfaces. The tunnel alignment was straight, without any horizontal or vertical curves. The bearing of the central axis of the tunnel was N12.2oW. The following methodology was developed to model just the planar surfaces of the tunnel by excluding the rails, ballast, sidewalks, powerlines, and other accessories. The entire methodology was divided into three broad parts. In the first part, a model cross-section was created. Since the design plans of the tunnel were not available, the model cross-section polyline was created using mean tunnel dimensions from random cross-section points. The model cross-section consisted of the walls and the ceiling of the tunnel. Points were placed at every 1 cm along the model polyline. Six of the model points that represented the shape of the tunnel were selected as salient points. The lower-left salient point was considered as the seed point. In the second part, to define a reference axis of the tunnel, an approximate centerline was manually defined by selecting points at its start and end. Lidar points within 1 m at the start and the end of the tunnel were modeled using the model points to determine the centroids. The reference axis was determined by connecting the centroids at the start and the end of the tunnel. In the third part, the tunnel points were sliced along the reference axis at 5 cm intervals. The model cross-section was matched to points within each tunnel slice using a three-stage approach. In the first stage, the pattern of salient points was matched to the tunnel points by placing the seed point at every tunnel point location. The distances between salient points and their nearest tunnel points were calculated. Ten sets of tunnel points with the least differences to the salient points were shortlisted. In the second stage, a dense point-to-point matching was performed between the model and sliced tunnel data at the shortlisted points. The shortlisted point location with the least difference between the tunnel and the model points was considered as a match. At this point, the model points were hinged to the tunnel points at the seed point location. Hence, in the last stage, a six-parameter affine transformation was performed to match the model points to the tunnel data. The transformed model points at every 5 cm of the length of the tunnel were considered as current shape of the tunnel.

Construction Method for a Three-Dimensional Tunnel General Monomer Model Based on Parallel Pathfinding

“…For example, tunnel modeling can be realized manually by using Revit software [16]. Methods in the second category fully obtain detailed spatial information of the tunnel through the use of measurement technology, such as constructing point clouds of the tunnel based on three-dimensional laser scanning [17,18], three-dimensional lidar [19,20], close-range photogrammetry technology [21], manual measurements, or other methods [22]. Further, a 3D model of the tunnel can be constructed using aerial triangulation, the Delaunay growth algorithm, or the shortest diagonalization method [23].…”

Automatic extraction of tunnel centerline and cross-sections from 3D point clouds

“…The second method uses the gray-scale value of the intensity image to visualize the overall deformation of the tunnel. Deshpande [11] divided into three parts to build Tunnel modeling, include create model cross-section, define reference axis and sliced the tunnel points along the reference axis. Mostafa [12] first extracted the tunnel's main axis and cross-sections, then fitted each cross-section and used residual analysis and Baarda's data snooping method to eliminate outliers, resulting in a refined As-Built Model of Subway Tunnel.…”