Tunnel ionisation of Xe in an ultra-intense CO₂laser field (10¹⁴W cm^-2) with multiple charge creation

Turning point behaviour in tunnel ionization of atoms in super-strong, low-frequency laser fields

“…When the Coulomb potential is taken into account, it can be treated as a perturbation to the energy of the final state [1,10]. Yet, originally [1,10], the Coulomb potential in this kind of estimation was not included into calculating the turning point from (2). This was done in [7], but only for the fields below the atomic field (up to 10 14 W/cm 2 ).…”

Equipment for Subpicosecond Extreme Ultraviolet Facility.

“…In addition, a laser-evaporation techments clearly demonstrated that standard theoretical technique has been incorporated" into the apparatus to enable niques were incapable, by a discrepancy as great as sever the study of elements, such as the lanthanides, which are orders of magnitude, of describing the observed results. not conveniently available in gaseous form, and prelimiSubsequent work, 5 conducted at a wavelength of 1.06 ism, nary experiments involving Eu and Yb have been conducthas confirmed the anomalous nature of the coupling ed. strength.…”

“…With tial fraction of the total electronic energy. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] this physical picture, selectivity in the populaThe coherent motion envisaged has a counterpart tion of excited ionic states is expected on the in nuclear matter known as the giant dipole,21 albasis of photoelectron studies. Lw H Puaae, K Buer.M.…”

Multiphoton ionization of many‐electron atoms

“…These experiments have been performed over a wide range of laser wavelengths, from 193 nm [2] to 10 p m [3], on different atoms, from He [l] to U [2]. Some of the most spectacular results obtained so far are, for example, the removal of the entire outermost shell of Xe at 193 nm, which means the absorption of -450 eV [2], or the triple ionization of Xe at 10 pm (requiring the absorption of at least 500 photons!…”