Tunnel channels of the Greater Toronto and Oak Ridges Moraine areas, southern Ontario

Russell, H A J; Sharpe, D R; Brennand, T A; Barnett, Peter J.; Logan, C

doi:10.4095/214777

Cited by 12 publications

(28 citation statements)

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“…Rapid flow within ice sheets has been shown to coincide with increased storage of basal meltwater, subsequent meltwater discharge, and associated thinning of the ice sheet from modern (Kamb et al, 1985) and inferred for Pleistocene examples (Patterson, 1997). Evidence of extensive meltwater flow following the regional drumlin forming episode is supported by the presence of tunnel channels that traverse the drumlin fields (Mullins and Hinchey, 1989;Barnett, 1990;Brennand and Shaw, 1994;Mullins and Eyles, 1996;Pugin et al, 1999;Russell et al, 2003b;Sharpe et al, 2004). Tunnel channels are interpreted to form subglacially by either steady state meltwater discharge or due to episodic, catastrophic meltwater discharge (Cofaigh, 1996).…”

Section: Subglacial Lakesmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…The overlying, regionally extensive, Late Wisconsinan Newmarket Till has a drumlinized and channelized upper erosional surface Boyce and Eyles 2000). Tunnel channels incise the till and locally may extend to bedrock (Russell et al, 2003b;Sharpe et al, 2004). Part of the erosional topography is an anabranched pattern of tunnel channels that has been mapped north and east of the ORM (Figs.…”

Section: Geological Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…North of the ORM, exposed Newmarket Till has a hierarchy of channel scales, from shallow channels to km wide and 10's km long tunnel channels, which locally are eroded to bedrock (Russell et al, 2003b). Shallow channels are interpreted to represent the incipient stage of channel formation (Russell et al, 2003b;Sjogren et al, 2002).…”

Section: The Unconformitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Channels are 10's of km long, up to 5 km wide, and steep sided with maximum depths of ca. 150 m (Barnett, 1990;Brennand and Shaw, 1994;Russell et al, 2003b). Based on seismic reflection surveys (Pugin et al, , 1999 and drillholes (Barnett et al, 1998;Russell et al, 2003a) the channels have been mapped beneath the ORM.…”

Section: Geological Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stratigraphic Architecture and Sediment Facies of the Western Oak Ridges Moraine, Humber River Watershed, Southern Ontario*

Russell

Arnott

Sharpe

2006

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The Oak Ridges Moraine in southern Ontario is a ca. 160 km long east-west trending ridge of sand and gravel situated north of Lake Ontario. Study of the Oak Ridges Moraine in the Humber River watershed was undertaken to assess its role in the groundwater system of the buried Laurentian Valley. The Oak Ridges Moraine is interpreted to have been deposited in three stages. Stage I records rapid deposition from hyperconcentrated flows where tunnel channels discharged into a subglacial lake in the Lake Ontario basin. Low-energy basin sedimentation of Stage II was in a subglacial and ice-contact setting of a highly crevassed ice sheet. Stage III sedimentation is characterized by rapid facies changes associated with esker, subaqueous fan, and basinal sedimentation. Detailed sediment analysis challenges the concept that the Oak Ridges Moraine was deposited principally from seasonal meltwater discharges, climatic modulated ice-marginal fluctuations, or in an interlobate position. Instead it is interpreted to have formed in response to late-glacial ice sheet events associated with subglacial meltwater ponding, episodic and catastrophic subglacial meltwater discharge, and subsequent seasonal meltwater discharge. The moraine probably formed as the glacial-hydraulic system re-equilibrated to the presence of a thinned, grounded ice shelf and a subglacial lake in the Lake Ontario basin.La moraine de Oak Ridges, sud de l’Ontario, est une crête de sable et de gravier orientée est-ouest d’une longueur de 160 km au nord du lac Ontario. L’étude de la moraine de Oak Ridges dans le bassin de la rivière Humber permet de comprendre son rôle dans le système de drainage de la vallée Laurentienne. La moraine de Oak Ridges a été édifiée en trois phases. La phase I consiste en une sédimentation rapide par hyperconcentration des écoulements, où les chenaux en tunnel se déversent dans un lac sous-glaciaire du lac Ontario. Le bassin de sédimentation de faible énergie de la phase II est sous-glaciaire et touche à un inlandsis ayant d’importantes crevasses. La phase III se caractérise par un changement de faciès très rapide, par la présence d’eskers, de cônes aquatiques et de bassins sédimentaires. Les analyses sédimentaires détaillées ébranlent l’hypothèse que la moraine de Oak Ridges ait été formée par la fonte des glaces saisonnière, les fluctuations climatiques près des marges glaciaires, ou dans une position interlobaire. Notre interprétation indique plutôt qu’elle a été mise en place en réponse à des événements de fonte sous-glaciaire de nature épisodique et catastrophique, et par des apports subséquents d’eau de fonte saisonnière. La moraine s’est probablement formée lors de la ré-équilibration du système glacio-hydraulique en présence d’un inlandsis mince, en contact avec le substrat et alimentant un lac sous-glaciaire dans le bassin du lac Ontario

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Section: Subglacial Lakesmentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Geological Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Unconformitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Geological Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stratigraphic Architecture and Sediment Facies of the Western Oak Ridges Moraine, Humber River Watershed, Southern Ontario*

Russell

Arnott

Sharpe

2006

gpq

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“…As a surface expression of the landscape, valleys stop at the moraine because the ORM sediment overlies and infills the southward subsurface extension of the valleys (e.g., Barnett et al 1998). Data from seismic and drillcore are extensive and unambiguous in the documentation of valley extension beneath the ORM, in papers cited by Sookhan et al (2018) (e.g., Russell et al 2004;Brennand et al 2006;Sharpe et al 2007;Sharpe et al 2013) and in additional publications (e.g., Pugin et al 1996Pugin et al , 1999Barnett et al 1998;Sharpe et al 2002Sharpe et al , 2004Russell et al 2003aRussell et al , 2003b. Drawing upon technical groundwater reports, Sookhan et al (2018) reference Kassenaar and Wexler (2006) as supporting the absence of a regional network of tunnel valleys.…”

Section: Tunnel Valleysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comment on “Converging ice streams: a new paradigm for reconstructions of the Laurentide Ice Sheet in southern Ontario and deposition of the Oak Ridges Moraine”

Russell

2019

Can. J. Earth Sci.

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2006

Glacier Science and Environmental Change

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Tunnel channels of the Greater Toronto and Oak Ridges Moraine areas, southern Ontario

Cited by 12 publications

References 0 publications

Stratigraphic Architecture and Sediment Facies of the Western Oak Ridges Moraine, Humber River Watershed, Southern Ontario*

Stratigraphic Architecture and Sediment Facies of the Western Oak Ridges Moraine, Humber River Watershed, Southern Ontario*

Comment on “Converging ice streams: a new paradigm for reconstructions of the Laurentide Ice Sheet in southern Ontario and deposition of the Oak Ridges Moraine”

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