Tuning the wavelength of electrochemiluminescence by anodic potential: a design using non-Kekulé-structured iridium–ruthenium luminophores

Schmittel, Michael; Shu, Qinghai; Çınar, Mehmet

doi:10.1039/c2dt30303e

Cited by 41 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…20 Zysman-Colman and co-workers 21,22 in another example observed a significant red-shift (535 to 610 nm) in the ECL spectrum of an iridium complex containing a dimethyl-amino bipyridine ligand, when a sufficiently high potential was applied such that the amine moiety was irreversibly oxidised, thus affecting a change in its electron withdrawing/donating character. Schmittel and co-workers 23 also reported a potential dependent ECL emission from a trinuclear Ir( iii )–Ru( ii )–Ir( iii ) system. Here, a small step-less hypsochromic shift in the ECL emission was observed in the range 611–649 nm due to variations in the contributions of the frontier orbitals to the excited state with increasing oxidation state.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Electrochemically tuneable multi-colour electrochemiluminescence using a single emitter

Haghighatbin

Burn

et al. 2016

Chem. Sci.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Electrochemically tuneable multi-colour electrochemiluminescence using a single emitter

Haghighatbin

Burn

et al. 2016

Chem. Sci.

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“…Schmittel et al 13 demonstrated that "non-Kekule-structured" trinuclear Ir(III)−Ru(II)−Ir(III) species were dependent upon the applied potential, enabling the wavelength of maximum ECL intensity to be tuned from 649 to 611 nm with increasing anodic scan range, although only the red color can be acquired. All these findings provide further support for our suggestion.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Tuning the Electrochemiluminescence Color by Potential: Design of a Series of Heterodinuclear Ir/Ru Labels

Sun

Jiang

et al. 2015

Organometallics

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A series of heterodinuclear complexes [(bpy) 2 Ru(bpy)(CH 2 ) n (bpy)Ir(df-ppy) 2 ] 3+ (1, where bpy is 2,2′-bipyridyl, df-ppy is 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)pyridine, and n = 10, 12, 14) have been designed and synthesized. Both red (from the Ru moiety) and green (from the Ir moiety) electrochemiluminescence (ECL) can be acquired simultaneously thorough alternation of the scanning potentials; especially, a good linear calibration curve between the ECL intensity ratio (I Ru /I Ir ) and the scanning potential can be reached over a potential range from 0.55 to 1.6 V. All of this provides a general methodology for developing electrochemistry induced light-emitting devices and a ratiometric ECL detection method. ■ INTRODUCTIONCurrently, the word "electrochromism" has been used to describe any device whose color can be adjusted by the application of an electrochemical potential and the related electrochemical conversion of redox species from one color to another, with the development of molecular electrochemistry and modified electrodes. 1 A number of inorganic and organic 2 electrochromic devices have been developed and widely used, since the first paper dates back to 1968. 3 Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is one type of electrochromism, which involves electron transfer between electrochemically generated radical ions in solution to produce excited species that emit light. 4 Typically, the use of ruthenium(II) tris(bipyridyl) ECL labels and tripropylamine (TPrA) coreactant has been found to be a sensitive and versatile detection system. 4 Although ruthenium(II)-based systems 5 have been dominating applications for many years, recently cyclometalated iridium(I) complexes 6 have become a powerful alternative, due to their most efficient electroluminescent performance.As we know, the scanning potential can be easily tuned and applied at multiple levels. A clear change in the color of the emitted light from a mixture of ruthenium(II) and iridium(I) complexes with TPrA as coreactant was visually inspected at the electrode surface with increasing electrode potential conducted in a dark room; 7 even more importantly, the potentialcontrolled selective excitation in mixed electrochemiluminescent systems and the on/off switching mechanism has been explained. 8 A three-dimensional (intensity versus wavelength and potential) resolution of electrochemiluminophores has been obtained through the repeated acquisition of ECL spectra during cyclic voltammetry experiments. Meanwhile, using a mixture of ruthenium(II) and iridium(III) complexes in acetonitrile with TPrA as a coreactant, Richter et al. got a considerable ECL spectral overlap. 9 Recently, red, green, and blue emitters have been efficiently resolved over the threedimensional space of ECL intensity versus applied potential and emission wavelength. 10 Unfortunately, it should be noted that the mixed system utilizes intermolecular interactions to tune the emission color, which is easily affected by different objective factors such as molar ratio between the ECL labels, coreactant...

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“…6 Independently, pursuing a “lab‐on‐a‐molecule”7 design, Schmittel et al. have investigated the ECL behavior of oligonuclear Ir III ‐Ru II and Ir III ‐Ru II ‐Ir III systems with TPrA wherein the metals are electronically isolated but covalently attached 8. They demonstrated that in these systems different ECL and photoluminescence (PL) behavior exists and that multiple ECL emissions are possible through recombination of different radical cationic species with the co‐reactant.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Electrochemiluminescence from a Stoichiometric Ruthenium(II)–Iridium(III) Complex Soft Salt

Swanick

Sandroni

Ding

et al. 2015

Chemistry A European J

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Tuning the wavelength of electrochemiluminescence by anodic potential: a design using non-Kekulé-structured iridium–ruthenium luminophores

Cited by 41 publications

References 45 publications

Electrochemically tuneable multi-colour electrochemiluminescence using a single emitter

Electrochemically tuneable multi-colour electrochemiluminescence using a single emitter

Tuning the Electrochemiluminescence Color by Potential: Design of a Series of Heterodinuclear Ir/Ru Labels

Enhanced Electrochemiluminescence from a Stoichiometric Ruthenium(II)–Iridium(III) Complex Soft Salt

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