Tuning the Energetic Landscape of Ruddlesden–Popper Perovskite Films for Efficient Solar Cells

Shao, Shuyan; Duim, Herman; Wang, Qingqian; Xu, Bowei; Dong, Jingjin; Adjokatse, Sampson; Blake, Graeme R.; Proteşescu, Loredana; Portale, Giuseppe; Hou, Jianhui; Saba, Michele; Loi, Maria Antonietta

doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.9b02397

Cited by 48 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Thus, by performing the preparation process under vacuum conditions, the evaporation rate of the solvent can be changed, thereby affecting the crystallization process of the 2D perovskite. [141] The crystallization process of 2D perovskite is linked to the competition between the evaporation rate of the solvent and the growth rate of the seed crystal. [142] A low supersaturation is necessary to induce nucleation of perovskite at the gas-liquid interface and for it to grow perpendicular to the substrate (Figure 7c).…”

Section: Vacuum Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Crystallization Kinetics in 2D Perovskite Solar Cells

Wang

Lei

et al. 2020

Advanced Energy Materials

140

124

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volatile decomposition [23] or halide segregation are often observed in hybrid perovskites under various stress conditions (light, [24] thermal, [25] and electric fields [26]); 4) spontaneous phase transition easily occurs for perovskite with unstable crystal structures, particularly for inorganic perovskite. [27-29] To improve the stability of PSCs, researchers attempted numerous methods such as encapsulation, [30] additive engineering, [31] component engineering, [32] etc. [33] However, the PSCs' stability is yet to achieve a perfect solution. Recently, researchers found that the introduction of long-chain organic cations in 3D perovskite as 2D perovskite can block water and oxygen molecules, meanwhile, generate a steric effect to prevent phase transitions, and limit ion migration. [34-36] Hence, fabricating 2D [37,38] or 2D/3D [39-43] mixed perovskite as absorbing layers are effective approaches to improve the stability of PSCs. However, the PCE of 2D PSCs remain lower than that of the 3D ones, which is mainly attributed to the introduction of organic macromolecules that blocks the effective extraction and transport of carriers. [44,45] Fortunately, 2D perovskite usually has three arrangements, namely parallel, perpendicular to the glass substrate or randomly arranged. [46] Manipulating the orientation of the crystal and the phase distribution in the 2D solution-processed perovskite can improve the efficiency and reproducibility of the device. Among them, the most desired arrangement for PSCs is the one that perpendicular to the substrate. Therefore, studying the crystallization kinetics of 2D perovskite is curial to effectively control the film forming process and adjust the crystal orientation (perpendicular to the substrate), which can effectively avoid or reduce the adverse effects of the organic molecular layer and improve device efficiency. [47,48] Nevertheless, few review articles were published on this subject. In this review, we mainly focus on the key issue for controlling crystallization kinetics and summarizing the research progress of their effects on various types of 2D PSCs. We also discuss the crystal/natural quantum well (QW) structure and the original stability for 2D PSCs in detail. Finally, remaining challenges and outlooks are presented. 2. Crystal and Natural Quantum Well Structure The material structure has a substantial impact on performance. [49-51] Properties of 2D and 3D perovskites differ 2D perovskites demonstrate higher moisture stability, oxygen content, thermal stability, and a significantly lower ion migration/phase transition occurrence in comparison to 3D perovskite. These advantages imply huge potential for 2D perovskite in commercial applications in the photovoltaic field. However, the horizontal arrangement of the organic layer severely hinders the transport of carriers, and thus, the power conversion efficiency of 2D perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is significantly lower than that of 3D. Controlling the crystallization orientation to achieve rapid carrier transport can effe...

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Section: Vacuum Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Crystallization Kineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crystallization Kinetics in 2D Perovskite Solar Cells

Wang

Lei

et al. 2020

Advanced Energy Materials

140

124

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“…Zhou et al 18 also demonstrated that the <n> value distribution could be controlled by introducing methylammonium chloride additive. Subsequently, Shao et al 19 successfully tuned the energy landscape of perovskite films via a vacuum-assisted method. Reduced low <n> value components favorably promoted the carrier transport and effectively suppressed the charge recombination.…”

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confidence: 99%

Reduced-dimensional perovskite photovoltaics with homogeneous energy landscape

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Reduced-dimensional (quasi-2D) perovskite materials are widely applied for perovskite photovoltaics due to their remarkable environmental stability. However, their device performance still lags far behind traditional three dimensional perovskites, particularly high open circuit voltage (V oc) loss. Here, inhomogeneous energy landscape is pointed out to be the sole reason, which introduces extra energy loss, creates band tail states and inhibits minority carrier transport. We thus propose to form homogeneous energy landscape to overcome the problem. A synergistic approach is conceived, by taking advantage of material structure and crystallization kinetic engineering. Accordingly, with the help of density functional theory guided material design, (aminomethyl) piperidinium quasi-2D perovskites are selected. The lowest energy distribution and homogeneous energy landscape are achieved through carefully regulating their crystallization kinetics. We conclude that homogeneous energy landscape significantly reduces the Shockley-Read-Hall recombination and suppresses the quasi-Fermi level splitting, which is crucial to achieve high V oc .

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“…Similarly, the vacuum‐assisted method allows 2D perovskite to be evenly distributed in the film, which helps to charge transfer and reduces the recombination. [ 141 ] Thus, this greatly reduces the hysteresis level. The difference from the R–P phase is that the spacer cations used in the D–J phase are divalent organic cations.…”

Section: Methods Of Reducing or Eliminating Hysteresismentioning

confidence: 99%

The J–V Hysteresis Behavior and Solutions in Perovskite Solar Cells

Wang

Lei

et al. 2020

Solar RRL

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The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has exceeded 25%, showing great potential in the photovoltaic field. However, PSCs often show anomalous current density–voltage (J–V) hysteresis behavior in the forward and reverse scanning directions, which makes it impossible to accurately evaluate the performance of PSCs. Therefore, it is necessary to clearly understand the mechanism of hysteresis and suppress the hysteresis. Herein, the J–V hysteresis behavior in PSCs and strategies to suppress hysteresis is focused: first, the various factors that affect J–V hysteresis in PSCs are summarized. And the mechanism behind the various possible origins of hysteresis and the challenges encountered are explored. Then, the strategies to suppress or eliminate the hysteresis are summarized, including optimizing the perovskite light‐absorbing layer, improving the performance of the carrier transport layer and interface engineering. Finally, insights on the future development of the hysteresis are also provided.

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Tuning the Energetic Landscape of Ruddlesden–Popper Perovskite Films for Efficient Solar Cells

Cited by 48 publications

References 29 publications

Crystallization Kinetics in 2D Perovskite Solar Cells

Crystallization Kinetics in 2D Perovskite Solar Cells

Reduced-dimensional perovskite photovoltaics with homogeneous energy landscape

The J–V Hysteresis Behavior and Solutions in Perovskite Solar Cells

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