The interaction of
protein and surfactant yields protein–surfactant
complexes which have a wide range of applications in the cosmetics,
foods, and pharmaceutical industries among others. Ionic and nonionic
surfactants are known to interact differently with the protein. The
interplay of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions governs the
resultant structure of protein–surfactant complexes. The present
study enlightens the paramount role of the hydrophobic interaction,
tuned by the hydrophobic tail length of ionic surfactants, in the
unfolding of anionic bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein. The unfolding
of BSA in the presence of four different tail-length cationic surfactants,
that is, C10TAB, C12TAB, C14TAB, and C16TAB, has been investigated
by small-angle neutron scattering and dynamic light scattering. All
cationic surfactants unfold the protein at a certain concentration
range. The propensity of protein unfolding increases with increasing
the hydrophobic tail length. The denatured structure of BSA upon addition
of cationic surfactants is characterized by the random flight model
representing a beads-on-a-string chain-like complex. The unfolded
protein binds the surfactant micelles in the protein–surfactant
cluster. The micelles get elongated with the increasing concentration
of cationic surfactants, whereas the number of micelles per cluster
is decreased. In the final stage, the protein–surfactant cluster
merges to one large micelle with unfolded protein wrapping the micelle
surface. The pathway of protein unfolding is described in terms of
the changes in the micellar size, the number of micelles formed per
cluster, the separation between the micelles in the cluster, the aggregation
number of micelles, and the number of proteins per cluster. The protein–surfactant
interaction is further examined in the presence of a nonionic surfactant,
that is, C12E10. The nonionic surfactant significantly suppresses
the interaction of BSA protein with ionic surfactants by forming mixed
micelles. As a result of the mixed micelles formation by ionic–nonionic
surfactants, the ionic surfactant moves out from the unfolded BSA
protein, and this enables the protein to refold back to its native
structure. The propensity of mixed micelle-driven refolding of proteins
is significantly changed with changing the tail length of the ionic
surfactant.