“…Step ¼0:35 þ 0:15 cos T 2 p FEs MaxFEs : ð16Þ The performance of the algorithm was evaluated based on three benchmarks CEC 2013 (Liang et al 2013), CEC 2015 (Liang et al 2014), and CEC 2017 (Awad et al 2016) and compared to the state-of-the-art algorithms as SMASE (Caraffini et al 2013b), CMAES-RIS (Caraffini et al 2013a), DE-APC (Elsayed et al 2013), fk-PSO (Nepomuceno and Engelbrecht 2013) (CEC 2013); TEBO (Zheng and Wu 2015), ICMLSP (Chen et al 2015), SaDPSO (Liang et al 2015), dynFWACM (Yu et al 2015b) (CEC 2015); SOMA All-ToOne and AllToAll, SOMAT3A (Diep 2019), RB-IPOP-CMA-ES (Biedrzycki 2015), PPSO (Tangherloni et al 2017), TLBO-FL (Kommadath and Kotecha 2017), SAMPE-Jaya (Pandey 2016) (CEC 2017). The results show that the principle of leader and migrants selection and control parameters adaptation significantly improved the performance of the SOMA.…”