Tuning garbage collection in an embedded Java environment

Chen, G.; Shetty, R.; Kandemir, Mahmut; Narayanan, Vijaykrishnan; Irwin, M.J.; Wolczko, Mario

doi:10.1109/hpca.2002.995701

Cited by 33 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Their result indicates that savings of up to 43% can be gained through mode control and energy-aware active bank allocation. These, however, are hardware-based solutions, making them inherently inflexible, and each incurs its own overhead: The management of the small local space, in the case of Tomar et al [23], and the time required to activate and deactivate banks of memory, in the case of Chen et al [8].…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Their result indicates that memory energy consumption can be reduced by 12.7% when cache (4KB) and local memory (4KB) are used in conjunction. Chen et al [8] also proposed that the performance of garbage collection could be tuned by selectively turning off unused memory banks. They also compare the energy consumption between mark-sweep and mark-sweep-compact.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An energy efficient garbage collector for java embedded devices

2005

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This paper presents a detailed design and implementation of a power-efficient garbage collector for Java embedded systems. The proposed scheme is a hybrid between the standard mark-sweepcompact collector available in Sun's KVM and a limited-field reference counter. There are three benefits resulting from the proposed scheme. (a) the proposed scheme reclaims memory more efficiently and this results in less mark-sweep garbage collection invocations, (b) reduction in garbage collection invocations improves cache locality and reduces the number of main memory accesses, and (c) reduction in memory access ultimately results in lower energy consumption, since a memory access can consume a large amount of energy when compared with an instruction execution. The proposed scheme has been implemented into Sun's KVM, and has been shown to reduce the number of mark-sweep garbage collection invocations by up to 100% in some cases, and the number of level-1 cache misses by as much as 87% when compared to the default garbage collector. We also find that in some applications, the proposed scheme can reduce the power consumption by as much as 27% when compared to the default Sun's KVM.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

An energy efficient garbage collector for java embedded devices

2005

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“…Their simulation indicate that GC consumes a disproportionate amount of energy, but our results refute this finding. Chen et al study marksweep GC using an energy simulator and the Shade SPARC simulator [30]. They improve leakage energy by using a GCcontrolled optimization to shut off memory banks that do not hold live data.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

The yin and yang of power and performance for asymmetric hardware and managed software

Cao

Blackburn

Gao

et al. 2012

SIGARCH Comput. Archit. News

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Abstract-On the hardware side, asymmetric multicore processors present software with the challenge and opportunity of optimizing in two dimensions: performance and power. Asymmetric multicore processors (AMP) combine general-purpose big (fast, high power) cores and small (slow, low power) cores to meet power constraints. Realizing their energy efficiency opportunity requires workloads with differentiated performance and power characteristics.On the software side, managed workloads written in languages such as C#, Java, JavaScript, and PHP are ubiquitous. Managed languages abstract over hardware using Virtual Machine (VM) services (garbage collection, interpretation, and/or justin-time compilation) that together impose substantial energy and performance costs, ranging from 10% to over 80%. We show that these services manifest a differentiated performance and power workload. To differing degrees, they are parallel, asynchronous, communicate infrequently, and are not on the application's critical path.We identify a synergy between AMP and VM services that we exploit to attack the 40% average energy overhead due to VM services. Using measurements and very conservative models, we show that adding small cores tailored for VM services should deliver, at least, improvements in performance of 13%, energy of 7%, and performance per energy of 22%. The yin of VM services is overhead, but it meets the yang of small cores on an AMP. The yin of AMP is exposed hardware complexity, but it meets the yang of abstraction in managed languages. VM services fulfill the AMP requirement for an asynchronous, non-critical, differentiated, parallel, and ubiquitous workload to deliver energy efficiency. Generalizing this approach beyond system software to applications will require substantially more software and hardware investment, but these results show the potential energy efficiency gains are significant.

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“…Furthermore, our study focuses on industry standard benchmarks and performs the analysis of the method and object level properties elaborately. In another study by Chen et al [5], the impact of various garbage collection properties and allocation strategies, that can take advantage of banked memory, are studied. Griffin et al [13] also proposed improvements to the garbage collection strategies with the objective of being energy efficient for embedded systems.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the representativeness of embedded Java benchmarks

Isen

John

Choi

et al. 2008

2008 IEEE International Symposium on Workload Characterization

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Abstract-Java has become one of the predominant languages for embedded and mobile platforms due to its architecturally neutral design, portability, and security. But Java execution in the embedded world encompasses Java Virtual Machines (JVMs) specially tuned for the embedded world, with stripped-down capabilities, and configurations for memory-limited environments. While there have been some studies on desktop and server Java, there have been very few studies on embedded Java. The non proliferation of embedded Java benchmarks and the lack of widespread profiling tools and simulators have only exacerbated the problem. While the industry uses some benchmarks such as MorphMark, MIDPMark, and EEMBC Java Grinder Bench, their representativeness in comparison to actual embedded Java applications has not been studied. In order to conduct such a study, we gathered an actual mobile phone application suite and characterized it in detail. We measure several properties of the various applications and benchmarks, perform similarity/dissimilarity analysis and shed light on the representativeness of current industry standard embedded benchmarks against actual mobile Java applications. It was observed that for many characteristics, the applications had a broader range, indicating that the benchmarks were under representing the range of characteristics in the real world. Furthermore, we find that the applications exhibit less code reuse/hotness compared to the benchmarks. We also draw comparisons of the embedded benchmarks against popular desktop/client Java benchmarks, such as the SPECjvm98 and DaCapo. Interestingly, embedded applications spend a significant amount of time in standard library code, on average 65%, suggesting to the usefulness of software and hardware techniques to facilitate pre-compilation with out the real time resource overhead of JIT.

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Tuning garbage collection in an embedded Java environment

Cited by 33 publications

References 13 publications

An energy efficient garbage collector for java embedded devices

An energy efficient garbage collector for java embedded devices

The yin and yang of power and performance for asymmetric hardware and managed software

On the representativeness of embedded Java benchmarks

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