“…We have successfully employed VFD for a number of diverse applications, including the fabrication of various nanocarbon materials [39,40], intensified aqueous two-phase separation for protein purification [41], manipulation of polymer networks [42], exfoliation of graphite and boron nitride [43] and protein folding [44]. Of particular interest, we have found the VFD to be effective for controlling the size and shape of nanoparticles in both topdown and bottom-up processing [45]. In contrast to other methods incorporating rotation to evaporate a solvent and form a film, such as spin coating method, the VFD method imparts micro-mixing and shear stress and provides a variety of controlling parameters, including type of solvents, rotation, and direction of speed, temperature, rate of injection, tilt angle, and modes of operation, i.e., confined and continuous flow to simultaneously fabricate a hydrogel film and tune the surface morphology.…”