Tungusic: an endangered language family in Northeast Asia

Janhunen, Juha

doi:10.1515/ijsl.2005.2005.173.37

Cited by 9 publications

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“…Nivkh is seriously endangered. In 2000, UNESCO classified the language as ‘nearly extinct’ (Janhunen & Salminen 2000). There are currently about 50 speakers 3 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nivkh palatalisation: articulatory causes and perceptual effects

Botma

Shiraishi

2014

Phonology

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Nivkh, a linguistic isolate of Eastern Siberia, displays a typologically uncommon process which affects /e/ in the context of a following uvular consonant, and which reportedly results in palatalisation of the consonant preceding /e/, e.g. /pHeq/G[pHj4q]. Phonologically, there are indeed reasonable grounds for analysing the consonants as palatalised. Phonetically, matters are less clear. Acoustic evidence shows that the clearest correlate of palatalisation is a steep and consistent fall of F2 during the realisation of the vowel. The fact that F2 lowering is also typical before uvulars suggests that palatalisation is the result of a perceptually motivated reanalysis, whereby the palatality of /e/ has come to be associated with the preceding consonant, and the vowel has a lowered and retracted reflex.

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“…Nivkh is seriously endangered. In 2000, UNESCO classified the language as ‘nearly extinct’ (Janhunen & Salminen 2000). There are currently about 50 speakers 3 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nivkh palatalisation: articulatory causes and perceptual effects

Botma

Shiraishi

2014

Phonology

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“…It can be seen from our research that the E11 component shared by the Japanese and the Chinese are Oroqen in Northeast population of China. The Oroqen people in China are generally considered to be descendants of the indigenous people of Northeast Asia (Janhunen, 2005), and the K12B results also support this conclusion. In Fig 4, 5 and 6, the excessive group connected between the Japanese and the Chinese is also the higher component of Oroqen, which supported that the main group in Japan maybe the Northeast Asian immigrant from China and Korea peninsula.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Graph Embedding Method Based Genetical Trajectory Reveals Migration History Among East Asians

Zhuang

Chang²,

Luo

et al. 2019

Preprint

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An important issue in human population genetics is the ancestry. By extracting the ancestral information retained in the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of genomic DNA, the history of migration and reproduction of the population can be reconstructed. Since the SNP data of population are multidimensional, their dimensionality reduction can demonstrate their potential internal connections. In this study, the graph and structure learning based Graph Embedding method commonly used in single cell mRNA sequencing was applied to human population genetics research to decrease the data dimension. As a result, the human population trajectory of East Asia based on 1000 Genomes Project was reconstructed to discover the inseparable relationship between the Chinese population and other East Asian populations. These results are visualized from various ancestry calculators such as E11 and K12B. Finally, the unique SNPs along the psudotime of trajectory were found by differential analysis. Bioprocess enrichment analysis was also used to reveal that the genes of these SNPs may be related to neurological diseases. These results will lay the data foundation for precision medicine.East Asia is one of the birthplaces of human culture (Su et al., 1999). Especially the ancient Yellow River Basin civilization and the large-scale agricultural society form fostered by the Yangtze River Basin have laid an irreplaceable material and cultural foundation for the development of civilization in East Asia. The early Chinese cultural model has greatly influenced the cultural patterns of the Japanese islands, the Korean peninsula and the Vietnamese peninsula, as well as parts of the Southeast Asia mainland. The vocabulary derived from classical Chinese has profoundly changed the language systems of these regions. However, the genetic landscape of this area, as well as the early migration of humans in East Asia, are still unclear. Based on historical records and information provided by archaeological literature, we can learn many clues that can be used for limited understanding, but due to historical records and non-scientific, almost "mythological" descriptions, many recorded "legends" seem to account for bigger. Some Asian human paleontology papers published in recent years have given very important information in this field (Su et al., 1999), but the dynamic migration process of the overall population structure is still very vague. Therefore, it is necessary to explore population migration patterns based on internal connections of population.Our research used the combination of the principle graph and structure learning based Graph Embedding method and tSNE to reduce data dimension. Based on the R package "Monocle" we first filtered the mutations, then reduced the data dimension, and calculated trajectory with psudotime and states; we also adopted all the equilibrium mutations to tSNE method firstly to reduce the dimension, and then uses DDRTree to reduce the dimension twice. The E11 calculator and the K12B calculator verify the sampling res...

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“…The data of H.-K. Kim (1980) Ko & Yurn, 2011, p. 21). Janhunen & Salminen, 1993;Moseley, 2010) (Maddieson, 1984, p. 127)…”

Section: Acknowledgmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tongue Root Harmony and Vowel Contrast in Northeast Asian Languages

Ko¹

2018

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Roughly speaking, the above ten languages can be divided into two groups: the socalled "Paleosiberian" and "Altaic" language groups. Ainuic, Amuric, Kamchukotic, Yeniseic, and Yukaghiric belong to the first group (Comrie, 1981;Vajda, 2009) and Japonic, Koreanic, Monglic, Tungusic, and Turkic belong to the second group. This thesis focuses on the second group, especially Koreanic, Mongolic, and Tungusic languages, which have (or once had) a vowel harmony based on tongue root contrast.Turkic languages, another major member of the "Altaic" language group, are widely understood to have a different type of vowel harmony, namely, palatal harmony. They will not be extensively investigated per se, but their vowel systems and harmony patterns will be introduced where a comparison is necessary. Japonic (Japanese-Ryukyuan) languages, on the contrary, will be ignored simply because there is no clear evidence of the existence of vowel harmony in the history of the Japanese language.Note that, although I use the term "Altaic" thoughout the thesis, it is not to be understood as suggesting a genetic relationship among them. 1 Rather, I will use it as a bik-i 'beakie' biʧ-i 'beachie' hus-i 'housie' bin-i 'beanie' ʍil-i 'wheelie' snut-i 'snooty' b. non-high vowel stems gem-e 'gamie' hɜl-e 'hilly' got-e 'goatie' her-e 'hairy' hʌrt-e 'hurtie' post-e 'postie' nel-e 'nailie' bʌk-e 'Buckie' mom-e 'mommy' hel-e 'hailie' baʧ-e 'batchie' tost-e 'toasty' nɛs-e 'Nessie' man-e 'mannie' sɔs-e 'saucy' mɛs-e 'messy' las-e 'lassie' rɔk-e 'rocky' Tongue root harmonyTongue root harmony, also rather inadequately called tenseness harmony, horizontal harmony, relative height harmony, and cross-height harmony in the literature, is based on the opposition between the advanced vs. retracted position of the tongue root.A well-known, or arguably the first known example of a canonical tongue root harmony system (cf. Cenggeltei, 1959) is Igbo, a Niger-Congo language spoken in Nigeria (Ladefoged, 1964). As shown in ( 7), the eight simple vowels in Igbo fall into 9 Palatalized and plain consonants contrast only in words with RTR vowels (Svantesson et al., 2005, p. 28).

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Tungusic: an endangered language family in Northeast Asia

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

Nivkh palatalisation: articulatory causes and perceptual effects

Nivkh palatalisation: articulatory causes and perceptual effects

Graph Embedding Method Based Genetical Trajectory Reveals Migration History Among East Asians

Tongue Root Harmony and Vowel Contrast in Northeast Asian Languages

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