Tungsten oxide-based visible light-driven photocatalysts: crystal and electronic structures and strategies for photocatalytic efficiency enhancement

Abstract

Photocatalysis (PC) technology has received global attention due to its high potential of addressing both environmental and energy issues using only solar light as energy input.

Tungsten-Based Catalysts for Environmental Applications

“…WO 3 as a photocatalyst has been the subject of three recent reviews ("WO 3 -based photocatalysts: morphology control, activity enhancement and multifunctional applications" by Dong et al (2017) [352]; "Adsorptive removal and photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants using metal oxides and their composites: A comprehensive review" by Gusain et al (2019) [353]; "Tungsten oxide-based visible light-driven photocatalysts: crystal and electronic structures and strategies for photocatalytic efficiency enhancement" by Quan et al (2020) [354]). Consequently, the section is mainly focused on the more recent studies.…”

Electronic modulation and interface engineering of electrospun nanomaterials‐based electrocatalysts toward water splitting

“…Simply doping with heteroatoms can significantly influence the electronic structure of an electrocatalyst, which leads to great effects on their electrocatalytic performance 42 . The cation and/or anion doping effect have been extensively examined in chemically catalytic reactions, photocatalytic reaction, enzyme‐like catalytic reaction, as well as energy conversion and storage fields 43‐46 . In recent years, the heteroatom doping effect has been emerged to be an efficient way to enhance the electrocatalytic efficiency.…”

“…42 The cation and/or anion doping effect have been extensively examined in chemically catalytic reactions, photocatalytic reaction, enzyme-like catalytic reaction, as well as energy conversion and storage fields. [43][44][45][46] In recent years, the heteroatom doping effect has been emerged to be an efficient F I G U R E 1 Schematic illustration of varied types of electrospun nanomaterials with electronic modulation and interface engineering for HER, OER, and overall water splitting applications. HER, hydrogen evolution reaction; OER, oxygen evolution reaction way to enhance the electrocatalytic efficiency.…”

Controlling the oxidation state of molybdenum oxide nanoparticles prepared by ionic liquid/metal sputtering to enhance plasmon-induced charge separation

“…S2 † As already reported in the literature, NPs consisting of metal oxide semiconductors with an oxygen-decient composition, such as WO 3Ày and MoO 3Ày , can absorb light through three different electronic excitation modes: (i) interband transition, that is, transition from the valence band (VB) to the conduction band (CB), (ii) transition from the VB to oxygen-decient states formed by metal species of different valences, such as Mo(V), and (iii) polaron-induced LSPR. [55][56][57][58] In such metal oxide semiconductors, it was reported that the optical response was extended to a longer wavelength range than that expected from the intrinsic energy gap, 59 because oxygen vacancies formed defect states between the CB and the Fermi level (E F ), narrowing their optical band gap. Considering the MoO 3 energy gap of approximately 3 eV, corresponding to 413 nm, 55,60 the extinction in the wavelength region of 700 nm or shorter in Fig.…”