By applying a small amplitude modulation to the mean current in a mercury positive column and observing the microwave reflection from the column in the region of resonance, the mercury ionization rate may be determined. The results show better agreement with theory than do probe measurements, probably because, unlike probes, the microwaves do not disturb the ion current flow to the walls. Electron temperatures may be calculated from the ionization rate using the 'free-fall' theory proposed by Langmuir and To& in 1929.