Tunable Liquid Gradient Refractive Index (L-GRIN) lens with two degrees of freedom

Mao, Xiaole; Lin, Szu-Yuan; Lapsley, Michael Ian; Shi, Jinjie; Juluri, Bala Krishna; Huang, Tony Jun

doi:10.1039/b822982a

Cited by 121 publications

(119 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…The single-layered microfluidic chip was fabricated from PDMS using a standard soft lithography technique. [67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75] The master mold was made via deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) of a silicon wafer to a depth of 129 lm, thus maintaining a width to height ratio of roughly 4:3. To facilitate the removal of the cured PDMS from the mold, the surface of the mold was silanized by 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl-trichlorosolane vapor.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An integrated, multiparametric flow cytometry chip using “microfluidic drifting” based three-dimensional hydrodynamic focusing

et al. 2012

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In this work, we demonstrate an integrated, single-layer, miniature flow cytometry device that is capable of multi-parametric particle analysis. The device integrates both particle focusing and detection components on-chip, including a "microfluidic drifting" based three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamic focusing component and a series of optical fibers integrated into the microfluidic architecture to facilitate onchip detection. With this design, multiple optical signals (i.e., forward scatter, side scatter, and fluorescence) from individual particles can be simultaneously detected. Experimental results indicate that the performance of our flow cytometry chip is comparable to its bulky, expensive desktop counterpart. The integration of on-chip 3D particle focusing with on-chip multi-parametric optical detection in a singlelayer, mass-producible microfluidic device presents a major step towards low-cost flow cytometry chips for point-of-care clinical diagnostics. V C 2012 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An integrated, multiparametric flow cytometry chip using “microfluidic drifting” based three-dimensional hydrodynamic focusing

et al. 2012

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“…As the intensity of the fluorescence emission is proportional to the intensity of the incident laser light, we used an image-processing software package IMAGEJ to determine the focal point of the lens by taking the maximum florescent intensity as the focal point. 34,36 The maximum tunable range of the lens could then be determined and was found to be approximately 500 m. We believe that this tuning range should be sufficient for most lab-on-a-chip applications considering the size of a typical microfluidic channel to be ϳ100 m. However, the channel geometry and dimension can be further optimized to satisfy the requirement of various applications. The white arrows in Figs.…”

Section: -4mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These methods based on liquid-liquid interface are more flexible in terms of variable light focusing, but constant injection of flows at high and low rates is needed. Another technique used a liquid gradient refractive index lens, 36,37 where the diffusion of a coinjected solute ͑CaCl 2 ͒ in de-ionized ͑DI͒ water was shown to exhibit a hyperbolic secant refractive index profile and not only focus light, but also bend the light propagation. This method requires a much lower flow rate for operation; yet the constant need of flow injection still presents a challenge.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optofluidic tunable microlens by manipulating the liquid meniscus using a flared microfluidic structure

et al. 2010

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We have designed, demonstrated, and characterized a simple, novel in-plane tunable optofluidic microlens. The microlens is realized by utilizing the interface properties between two different fluids: CaCl 2 solution and air. A constant contact angle of ϳ90°is the pivotal factor resulting in the outward bowing and convex shape of the CaCl 2 solution-air interface. The contact angle at the CaCl 2 solution-air interface is maintained by a flared structure in the polydimethylsiloxane channel. The resulting bowing interface, coupled with the refractive index difference between the two fluids, results in effective in-plane focusing. The versatility of such a design is confirmed by characterizing the intensity of a traced beam experimentally and comparing the observed focal points with those obtained via ray-tracing simulations. With the radius of curvature conveniently controlled via fluid injection, the resulting microlens has a readily tunable focal length. This ease of operation, outstandingly low fluid usage, large range tunable focal length, and in-plane focusing ability make this lens suitable for many potential lab-on-a-chip applications such as particle manipulation, flow cytometry, and in-plane optical trapping.

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“…There is also much research into sophisticated three-dimensional hydrodynamics and pollutant modelling (Chau & Jiang, 2001, 2004Epely-Chauvin, De Cesare, & Schwindt, 2014;Gholami, Akbar, Minatour, Bonakdari, & Javadi, 2014;Liu & Yang, 2014;Wu & Chau, 2006). Thus, microfluidics has become important for many lab-on-a-chip applications such as enzymatic kinetics (Pabit & Hagen, 2002), protein folding (Gambin, Simonnet, VanDelinder, Deniz, & Groisman, 2010), single molecule detection (De Mello & Edel, 2007), and flow cytometry (Mao, Lin, Dong, & Huang, 2009;Wang et al, 2005;Yun et al, 2010). The aspect ratio of a typical micro-channel is very large.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A simple and efficient outflow boundary condition for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations

Choi

Choic³

et al. 2016

Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics

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Many researchers have proposed special treatments for outlet boundary conditions owing to lack of information at the outlet. Among them, the simplest method requires a large enough computational domain to prevent or reduce numerical errors at the boundaries. However, an efficient method generally requires special treatment to overcome the problems raised by the outlet boundary condition used. For example, mass flux is not conserved and the fluid field is not divergence-free at the outlet boundary. Overcoming these problems requires additional computational cost. In this paper, we present a simple and efficient outflow boundary condition for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, aiming to reduce the computational domain for simulating flow inside a long channel in the streamwise direction. The proposed outflow boundary condition is based on the transparent equation, where a weak formulation is used. The pressure boundary condition is derived by using the Navier-Stokes equations and the outlet flow boundary condition. In the numerical algorithm, a staggered marker-and-cell grid is used and temporal discretization is based on a projection method. The intermediate velocity boundary condition is consistently adopted to handle the velocity-pressure coupling. Characteristic numerical experiments are presented to demonstrate the robustness and accuracy of the proposed numerical scheme. Furthermore, the agreement of computational results from small and large domains suggests that our proposed outflow boundary condition can significantly reduce computational domain sizes. ARTICLE HISTORY

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Tunable Liquid Gradient Refractive Index (L-GRIN) lens with two degrees of freedom

Cited by 121 publications

References 40 publications

An integrated, multiparametric flow cytometry chip using “microfluidic drifting” based three-dimensional hydrodynamic focusing

An integrated, multiparametric flow cytometry chip using “microfluidic drifting” based three-dimensional hydrodynamic focusing

Optofluidic tunable microlens by manipulating the liquid meniscus using a flared microfluidic structure

A simple and efficient outflow boundary condition for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations

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