We show that, when fundamental optical beams are present in a noncentrosymmetric medium simultaneously with their sum-frequency beam, quantum interference between single-and two-photon transitions modifies the net absorption, if the sum frequency corresponds to an energy greater than the band gap. At a macroscopic level this effect can be related to the imaginary part of a second-order susceptibility and can be used to coherently control carrier populations and optical absorption. We illustrate this novel effect using phased 1550 and 775 nm, 120 fs pulses incident on GaAs at 295 K. PACS numbers: 78.47.+ p, 78.55.Cr The field of nonlinear laser optics dates from the observation of second-harmonic generation in crystalline quartz [1]. Although a myriad of nonlinear optical processes have been discovered since then [2-4], second-order ͑x 2 ͒ processes such as sum-and difference-frequency mixing continue to capture most of the interest. Of necessity x 2 is nonzero only in noncentrosymmetric media, such as certain crystals. When such a crystal is transparent at all frequencies involved, x 2 is real and the crystal can act as an optical "catalyst" to convert incident energy into new optical frequencies. If, however, the crystal is absorbing for at least one of the frequencies, the imaginary component of x 2 ͑Im͓x 2 ͔͒ is nonzero. In the case of sum-frequency generation, it is generally believed [5] that Im͓x 2 ͔ plays no role in energy absorption. Here we demonstrate that when coherent fundamental and sum-frequency beams are simultaneously present in a crystal, and if the sum frequency falls in a region of band absorption, Im͓x 2 ͔ can contribute to the removal of energy from all beams. This is due to the interference of single-and two-photon absorption pathways. This effect can be used in an active sense to coherently control optical transmission and band populations through the relative phase of the fields. We experimentally demonstrate this new effect in bulk GaAs at 295 K, and explicitly discriminate its origin and nature from the coherent control of current injection in semiconductors [6].