“…Other common tuning mechanisms include limited direct mechanical tuning (via MEMS devices), and the use of chemically, thermally, or static electric field-controlled liquid crystal-based devices [10][11][12][13] for optical and infrared wavelengths as well as RF and mm-wave applications [5], [14], [15]. All of the electronically-controlled systems require bias signals for each unit cell to be either integrated into the resonant unit cell geometry such as in the case of a slot-based structure [16], or designed to minimally impact the desired electromagnetic response. There has been some interest in optically-controlled radio-frequency antennas where an optical fiber couples a signal from an external laser diode to a photosensitive component [17], and such a scheme could be extended to metamaterials in the future, although such a design would be infeasible with current technology.…”