Tumour progression and metastasis

Abstract

The two biological mechanisms that determine types of malignancy are infiltration and metastasis, for which tumour microenvironment plays a key role in developing and establishing the morphology, growth and invasiveness of a malignancy. The microenvironment is formed by complex tissue containing the extracellular matrix, tumour and non-tumour cells, a signalling network of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and proteases that control autocrine and paracrine communication among individual cells, facilitating tumour progression. During the development of the primary tumour, the tumour stroma and continuous genetic changes within the cells makes it possible for them to migrate, having to count on a pre-metastatic niche receptor that allows the tumour’s survival and distant growth. These niches are induced by factors produced by the primary tumour; if it is eradicated, the active niches become responsible for activating the latent disseminated cells. Due to the importance of these mechanisms, the strategies that develop tumour cells during tumour progression and the way in which the microenvironment influences the formation of metastasis are reviewed. It also suggests that the metastatic niche can be an ideal target for new treatments that make controlling metastasis possible.

Long noncoding RNA LINC01296 is associated with poor prognosis in prostate cancer and promotes cancer-cell proliferation and metastasis

“…Therefore, we hypothesized that LINC01296 regulates the PI3K–Akt–mTOR signaling pathway via epigenetic modification, thereby promoting tumorigenesis. EMT is an important step in metastasis, during which epithelial cells are transformed into mesenchymal cells under specific physiological and pathological conditions 30,31. MMP9 is frequently observed in prostate cancer progression,32,33 and the upregulated expression of MMP9 is usually correlated with the occurrence of metastasis or local progression of cancer 16.…”

Association between expression of nuclear receptor co‑activator 5 protein and prognosis in postoperative patients with osteosarcoma

“…In particular, cell signaling proteins, growth factors and their receptors, apoptotic proteins and transcription factors, and the changes to these factors are closely associated with the occurrence and development of tumors (20,21). Previous studies have also revealed that the NCOA5 protein may be associated with interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and nuclear factor (NF)-κB (22)(23)(24). Prevention of the overexpression of IL-6 may limit the occurrence and development of certain types of cancer.…”

Expression of D2-40 in Benign and Malignant Breast Lesions and Study the Correlation between Lymphovascular Density and other Prognostic Factors of Breast Cancer

“…Lymphangiogenesis is controlled by several growth factors, such as cytokines and chemokines, and all actively contribute to tumor metastasis [49]. Skobe et al demonstrated that VEGF-C induced lymphangiogenesis and promoted metastasis and also found that overexpression of VEGF-C in breast cancer patients potently increased intratumoral lymphangiogenesis, which in turn enhanced metastasis to the regional lymph nodes and lungs [50].…”