Tumour‐Induced Angiogenesis: A Review

Abstract

Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, has become a broad subject and is a very active area for current research. This paper describes the main biological events involved in angiogenesis and their importance in cancer progression. In the first section, a fundamental overview of tumour biology is presented. In the second section, the biology of healthy blood vessels is described and, in the third section, the mechanisms of cell migration and proliferation, which are crucial to angiogenesis, are discussed. In the fourth section, a detailed account of tumour-induced angiogenesis is given, whilst the pro-and anti-angiogenic factors involved are reviewed in the fifth section. Finally, the processes of tumour invasion and metastasis are examined in the sixth section.

Maghemite Functionalization for Antitumor Drug Vehiculization

“…However, contrary to physiological angiogenesis, the angiogenesis switch continue to be turned on as a result of the persistent manufacturing of angiogenic factors inside the tumor areas that are not sufficiently oxygenated. Constant growth of new capillaries within the tumor results in an imperfect, tortuous, non-mature and leaky vasculature network which is deficient in a stable basement membrane (Plank & Sleeman, 2003).…”

Biological effects of four frequently used medicinal plants of Lamiaceae

“…Ethanol extract of S. officinalis exhibited a significant inhibitory activity on the endothelial cells migration as well as on the proliferation of different blood cells, but cell proliferation was supressed only at higher concentration. These findings indicated that anti-angiogenic effect of sage extract might be due to anti-migratory activity [87] attributed to anti-proteases and/or interference of cytoskeleton organization which is known to play important roles in cell locomotion and capillary tube formation [88].…”

Examining the effects of macrophage populations on cancerous tumor growth.

“…They have been found in breast cancer metastatic lymph nodes (Kim, Kang et al), and in colorectal metastases to the liver (Catarinella, Monestiroli et al). They can be identified by the expression of the TIE2 receptor on their surface which, curiously, is also expressed by blood vessel endothelial cells, where they are integral to angiogenic pathways and development (Plank andSleeman 2003, Matsubara, Kanto et al 2013). Recent research indicates that TEMs are recruited to the tumor microenvironment at an early phase of development.…”

“…The M1 extreme of the macrophage activation spectrum is commonly associated with inflammatory responses and tumoricidal activity by release of proinflammatory cytokines and oxygen species such as nitric oxide (NO), which encourage tumor cell apoptosis (Plank and Sleeman 2003) (Edin, Wikberg et al 2012). Its presence in the tumor microenvironment is correlated with reduced angiogenesis required to supply the increased tumor metabolic needs, and thus reduced tumor growth and survival (Yuan, Hsiao et al 2015) (Italiani and Boraschi 2014).…”

“…The relative proportion of the M1 macrophages generally decreases with tumor progression. The M1 subtype is identified by surface receptors CD14 ++ CD16 − (Plank and Sleeman 2003).…”