Tumorigenic and tumoricidal properties of exosomes in cancers; a forward look

Abstract

In recent decades, emerging data have highlighted the critical role of extracellular vesicles (EVs), especially (exosomes) Exos, in the progression and development of several cancer types. These nano-sized vesicles are released by different cell lineages within the cancer niche and maintain a suitable platform for the interchange of various signaling molecules in a paracrine manner. Based on several studies, Exos can transfer oncogenic factors to other cells, and alter the activity of immune cells, and tumor microenvironment, leading to the expansion of tumor cells and metastasis to the remote sites. It has been indicated that the cell-to-cell crosstalk is so complicated and a wide array of factors are involved in this process. How and by which mechanisms Exos can regulate the behavior of tumor cells and non-cancer cells is at the center of debate. Here, we scrutinize the molecular mechanisms involved in the oncogenic behavior of Exos released by different cell lineages of tumor parenchyma. Besides, tumoricidal properties of Exos from various stem cell (SC) types are discussed in detail.

Therapeutic potential of extracellular vesicles from diverse sources in cancer treatment

“…Electric vesicles are crucial in cancer metastasis by mediating changes in the physical and chemical properties of the TME and serving as important messengers in cell communication. EVs freely traverse the TME, significantly influencing tumor cell spread by creating a pre-metastatic niche (PMN), modulating specific signaling pathways, and promoting blood vessel formation [ 27 , 28 ]. The PMN is a prearranged microenvironment created by cancer cells before the arrival of circulating tumor cells, facilitate tumor cell proliferation in other organs.…”