The melanoma differentiation associated gene-7 (mda-7) has a potential inhibitory role in melanoma progression, although the mechanisms underlying this effect are still unknown. mda-7 mRNA has been found to be present at higher levels in cultured normal melanocytes compared with metastatic melanoma cell lines. Furthermore, levels of mda-7 message have shown an inverse correlation with melanoma progression in human tumor samples, suggesting that mda-7 may be a novel tumor suppressor gene. We have designed this study to investigate MDA-7 protein expression in different stages of melanoma progression and to examine its antiproliferative effects in vitro. Our data demonstrate that MDA-7 protein can be found in normal melanocytes and early stage melanomas. It is also observed in smooth muscle cells in the skin. However, in keeping with a possible role as a tumor suppressor, MDA-7 expression is decreased in more advanced melanomas, with nearly undetectable levels in metastatic disease. We also investigated antitumor effects of overexpressed MDA-7 on human melanoma cells in vitro. A feature of malignant tumors that is considered therapeutically exploitable is the loss of cellular differentiation. This has lead to a search for tissue-specific differentiation factors that might be reintroduced into tumors in order to modify their growth and ability to metastasize. In the case of melanoma, several unique genes have been isolated by Jiang et al. 1 from a melanoma cell line induced to differentiate by interferon- and mezerein. One of the most interesting and promising of these genes is the melanoma differentiation associated gene-7 (mda-7). Since its initial isolation from melanoma cells and subsequent molecular characterization, the mda-7 gene and MDA-7 protein have been studied in numerous other tumor types, some of which have included carcinoma of the lung, breast, prostate and cervix. 2 Experiments using an adenovirus/mda-7 vector construct (Ad-mda-7) to infect normal and malignant cells have consistently demonstrated growth-inhibitory effects on various tumor types, but no inhibitory effects on normal cells. 3,4 These findings have prompted the development of the Ad-mda-7 as a potential therapeutic agent, and plans for a phase I clinical trial are under way. Although the initial description of mda-7 occurred in melanoma, most of the clinically relevant research has focused on the more prevalent malignancies.
Our results demonstrate that Ad-mda-7 induces apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest in melanoma cellsOur laboratory has an ongoing interest in the development of prognostic tools and therapeutic interventions for advanced melanoma. We have therefore undertaken a study to better define the significance of MDA-7 in this disease. We describe in this paper our data from human tumors and cell lines demonstrating that MDA-7 protein can be found in normal melanocytes, early stage melanomas and smooth muscle cells. However, in keeping with a role as a tumor suppressor, MDA-7 expression is decreased in more advanced melanom...