Tumor Promoters in Commercial Indoor-Plant Cultivars of the Euphorbiaceae

The Role of Ingenane Diterpenes in Cancer Therapy: From Bioactive Secondary Compounds to Small Molecules

“…243 Ingenol-3,20-dibenzoate extracted from E. leuconeura showed significant tumor-promoting activity in Raji cells. 244 Diterpenes extracted from the aerial part of Euphorbia nubica N.E.Br. and E. helioscopy showed irritation and promoting-tumor potential when evaluated in vivo by Zayed et al (2001).…”

“…243 Ingenol-3,20-dibenzoate extracted from E. leuconeura showed significant tumor-promoting activity in Raji cells. 244…”

Cleistanthin, Diterpene Esters, and the Spurge Family (Euphorbiaceae)

“…9 The latex of Synadenium grantii contains an unusual irritant ester of 4 -deoxyphorbol, 12 -O -tigloyl -4 -deoxyphorbol -13 -isobutyrate. 13,14 The major toxic compounds in Cleistanthus collinus are the lignan lactone glycosides, cleistanthin A and B. Latex from several species in the spurge family including the sandbox tree ( Hura Crepitans L.) 11 and the Mediterranean spurge ( Euphorbia characias L.) 12 contains ribosome -inactivating proteins (ribotoxins), but the role of these chemicals in causing toxicity is unclear.…”

Development of a sensitive in vitro assay to quantify the biological activity of pro-inflammatory phorbol esters in Jatropha oil

“…However, chromatographic protocols provide no information on the potency of phorbol esters and phorbol ester derivatives. The biological activity of Jatropha phorbol esters has been tested using snails, artemia, daphnia, bacteria, fungi, mammalian cell lines, and various other in vitro bioassays (Beutler et al 1989;Becker and Makkar 1998;Vogg et al 1999;Demissie and Lele 2010;Devappa et al 2010a;Devappa et al 2012). However, these assays present shortcomings, as they all require phorbol esters pre-fractionation and, depending on the specific bioassay, can be labor-intensive, lack sensitivity, or require additional biosafety measures.…”