Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha Levels in HIV-1 Seropositive Injecting Drug Users

Ownby, Raymond L.; Kumar, Adarsh; Fernandez, J. B.; Moleon-Borodowsky, Irina; Gonzalez, Louis; Eisdorfer, Seth; Waldrop‐Valverde, Drenna; Kumar, Mahendra

doi:10.1007/s11481-009-9150-x

Cited by 16 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(57 reference statements)

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“…TNFα, IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-γ and other proinflammatory cytokines are elevated in the blood and CSF of HIV-infected patients (55-58). Among these, TNFα is the most potent mediator of inflammation and is induced early after HIV monocytic infection and its expression continues to increase over the course of infection (59-61).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dimethyl Fumarate, an Immune Modulator and Inducer of the Antioxidant Response, Suppresses HIV Replication and Macrophage-Mediated Neurotoxicity: A Novel Candidate for HIV Neuroprotection

Cross

Cook

Anthony

et al. 2011

The Journal of Immunology

105

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Despite antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV infection promotes cognitive dysfunction and neurodegeneration through persistent inflammation and neurotoxin release from infected and/or activated macrophages/microglia. Furthermore, inflammation and immune activation within both the central nervous system (CNS) and periphery correlate with disease progression and morbidity in ART-treated individuals. Accordingly, drugs targeting these pathological processes in the CNS and systemic compartments are needed for effective, adjunctive therapy. Using our in vitro model of HIV-mediated neurotoxicity, in which HIV infected monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) release excitatory neurotoxins, we show that HIV infection dysregulates the macrophage antioxidant response and reduces levels of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Furthermore, restoration of HO-1 expression in HIV-infected MDM reduces neurotoxin release without altering HIV replication. Given these novel observations, we have identified dimethyl fumarate (DMF), used to treat psoriasis and showing promising results in clinical trials for multiple sclerosis, as a potential neuroprotectant and HIV disease-modifying agent. DMF, an immune modulator and inducer of the antioxidant response, suppresses HIV replication and neurotoxin release. Two distinct mechanisms are proposed; inhibition of NF-κB nuclear translocation and signaling, which could contribute to the suppression of HIV replication, and induction of HO-1, which is associated with decreased neurotoxin release. Finally, we found that DMF attenuates CCL2-induced monocyte chemotaxis, suggesting that DMF could decrease recruitment of activated monocytes to the CNS in response to inflammatory mediators. We propose that dysregulation of the antioxidant response during HIV infection drives macrophage-mediated neurotoxicity and that DMF could serve as an adjunctive neuroprotectant and HIV disease modifier in ART-treated individuals.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dimethyl Fumarate, an Immune Modulator and Inducer of the Antioxidant Response, Suppresses HIV Replication and Macrophage-Mediated Neurotoxicity: A Novel Candidate for HIV Neuroprotection

Cross

Cook

Anthony

et al. 2011

The Journal of Immunology

105

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“…The risk of de-emphasizing the impact of depression on physical symptoms creates the possibility that some cases of depression may not be identified (Ownby et al, 2009).…”

Section: Prevalence Of Depressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Support Groups in the Management of Depression amongst People Living with HIV at Regional Hospital of Bamenda

Wamia¹,

Victorine²

2019

OJD

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Depression is the most common neuropsychiatric mental condition found among people living with HIV (PLHIV). Despite its high prevalence, depression remains under diagnosed amongst PLHIV, and determining its prevalence is very cumbersome. As a mental condition, it has been associated with increased comorbidity, non-adherence to HAART, suicidal attempts, unsafe sex practice, just to name a few. Support groups have been shown to play an important role in the improvement of the quality of life of PLHIV and could be a means of managing depressive symptoms that arise in their lifetime. The aim of this research was to assess the role of support groups in the management of depression amongst PLHIV at the Bamenda Regional Hospital (BRH). This was a hospital based, observational cross sectional and descriptive study used to gather information from, one hundred and fifty two (152) HIV positive patients sticking to appointments at the treatment centre of BRH. The patient health questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) was the screening tool for depression. Minimal, mild, moderate, moderately severe and severe depression constituted the levels of depression in which participants with depressive symptoms felt. A score of nine and above (≥9) was considered positive for depression. Further, the role of support groups were assessed through other questions that constituted the questionnaire and the activities carried out in support groups were observed and compared to standards of practice. Analysis revealed that 29.61% (95% CI: 22.5%-35.7%) were positive for depression, and 108 (71.06%) participants presented with depressive symptoms. The role of support groups to participants was that it helps them in adhering to medication, filling hopeful and aiding them in disclosing their seropositive status to family members. The student t-test: t (70, N = 71) = −0.468, p = 0.641, showed no significant difference amongst support groups attendees How to cite this paper: Wamia, A. L., & Victorine, N. (2019). The Role of Support Groups in the Management of Depression amongst People Living with HIV at Re

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“…Injection drug users (IDUs) also have chronically elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. 14, 15 Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, which is highly prevalent among IDUs, also may contribute to chronic inflammation. 16 Given that IDUs are at increased risk for HCV and HIV infections 17 and that HIV-infected and injection drug using populations are aging, 18, 19 the burden of disease related to chronic inflammation is likely to increase among IDUs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlates of Elevated Interleukin-6 and C-Reactive Protein in Persons With or at High Risk for HCV and HIV Infections

Salter

Lau

Mehta

et al. 2013

JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes

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Background HIV and HCV infections may increase interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP). However, relationships between inflammatory biomarkers, chronic viral infections, clinical factors, and behavioral factors remain poorly understood. Methods Using linear regression, we modeled cross-sectional associations between loge IL-6 or loge CRP levels and HCV, HIV, injection drug use, and comorbidity among 1191 injection drug users. Results Mean age was 47 years, 46.0% reported currently injecting drugs, 59.0% were HCV-monoinfected, and 27% were HCV/HIV-coinfected. In multivariable models, higher loge IL-6 was associated with HCV monoinfection (β=0.191, 95%CI: 0.043 to 0.339) and HCV/HIV coinfection (β=0.394, 95% CI: 0.214 to 0.574). In contrast, HCV monoinfection (β=−0.523, 95%CI: −0.275 to −0.789) and HCV/HIV coinfection (β=−0.554 95%CI: −0.260 to −0.847) were associated with lower CRP. Lower CRP with HCV infection was independent of liver fibrosis severity, synthetic function, or liver injury markers; CRP decreased with higher HCV RNA. Increased injection intensity was associated with higher IL-6 (p=0.003) and CRP (p<0.001); increasing comorbidity (p<0.001) and older age (p=0.028) were associated with higher IL-6; older age was associated with higher CRP among HCV-uninfected participants (p=0.021). Conclusion HIV and HCV infections contribute to chronic inflammation; however, reduced CRP possibly occurs through HCV-virally-mediated mechanisms. Findings highlight potentially modifiable contributors to inflammation.

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Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha Levels in HIV-1 Seropositive Injecting Drug Users

Cited by 16 publications

References 43 publications

Dimethyl Fumarate, an Immune Modulator and Inducer of the Antioxidant Response, Suppresses HIV Replication and Macrophage-Mediated Neurotoxicity: A Novel Candidate for HIV Neuroprotection

Dimethyl Fumarate, an Immune Modulator and Inducer of the Antioxidant Response, Suppresses HIV Replication and Macrophage-Mediated Neurotoxicity: A Novel Candidate for HIV Neuroprotection

The Role of Support Groups in the Management of Depression amongst People Living with HIV at Regional Hospital of Bamenda

Correlates of Elevated Interleukin-6 and C-Reactive Protein in Persons With or at High Risk for HCV and HIV Infections

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